Apparatus, system and method of transmitting a PPDU

ABSTRACT

An apparatus of a transmitter may include, for example, a Golay builder to build modulated Golay sequences for at least a non-EDMG Short Training Field (L-STF), and a non-EDMG Channel Estimation Field (L-CEF) of a PPDU; a scrambler to generate scrambled bits by scrambling bits of a non-EDMG header (L-header) and a data field of the PPDU; an encoder to encode the scrambled bits into encoded bits according to a low-density parity-check (LDPC) code; a constellation mapper to map the encoded bits into a stream of constellation points according to a constellation scheme; a spreader to spread the stream of constellation points according to a Golay sequence; and a transmit chain mapper to map a bit stream output from the Golay builder and the spreader to a plurality of transmit chains by applying a spatial expansion with relative cyclic shift over the plurality of transmit chains.

CROSS REFERENCE

This application claims the benefit of and priority from U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/524,552 entitled “Apparatus,System and Method of Transmitting a PPDU”, filed Jun. 25, 2017, U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/547,982 entitled “Apparatus,System and Method of Transmitting a PPDU”, filed Aug. 21, 2017, and U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/576,473 entitled “OrthogonalFrequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Interleaver for VerticalMultiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Coding”, filed Oct. 24, 2017, theentire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments described herein generally relate to transmitting a PhysicalLayer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU).

BACKGROUND

A wireless communication network in a millimeter-wave band may providehigh-speed data access for users of wireless communication devices.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in thefigures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, thedimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to otherelements for clarity of presentation. Furthermore, reference numeralsmay be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogouselements. The figures are listed below.

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustration of a system, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an Enhanced DirectionalMulti-Gigabit (EDMG) Physical Layer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) format,which may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrativeembodiments.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a transmitter architecture, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a transmitter architecture, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a transmitter architecture, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a transmitter architecture, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a transmitter architecture, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of a transmitter architecture, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 9 is a schematic flow-chart illustration of a method oftransmitting a PPDU, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 10 is a schematic flow-chart illustration of a method oftransmitting a PPDU, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of a product of manufacture, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are setforth in order to provide a thorough understanding of some embodiments.However, it will be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the artthat some embodiments may be practiced without these specific details.In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, unitsand/or circuits have not been described in detail so as not to obscurethe discussion.

Discussions herein utilizing terms such as, for example, “processing”,“computing”, “calculating”, “determining”, “establishing”, “analyzing”,“checking”, or the like, may refer to operation(s) and/or process(es) ofa computer, a computing platform, a computing system, or otherelectronic computing device, that manipulate and/or transform datarepresented as physical (e.g., electronic) quantities within thecomputer's registers and/or memories into other data similarlyrepresented as physical quantities within the computer's registersand/or memories or other information storage medium that may storeinstructions to perform operations and/or processes.

The terms “plurality” and “a plurality”, as used herein, include, forexample, “multiple” or “two or more”. For example, “a plurality ofitems” includes two or more items.

References to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, “demonstrativeembodiment”, “various embodiments” etc., indicate that the embodiment(s)so described may include a particular feature, structure, orcharacteristic, but not every embodiment necessarily includes theparticular feature, structure, or characteristic. Further, repeated useof the phrase “in one embodiment” does not necessarily refer to the sameembodiment, although it may.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the use of the ordinaladjectives “first”, “second”, “third” etc., to describe a common object,merely indicate that different instances of like objects are beingreferred to, and are not intended to imply that the objects so describedmust be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking,or in any other manner.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with various devices andsystems, for example, a User Equipment (UE), a Mobile Device (MD), awireless station (STA), a Personal Computer (PC), a desktop computer, amobile computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a tabletcomputer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, awearable device, a sensor device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, aPersonal Digital Assistant (PDA) device, a handheld PDA device, anon-board device, an off-board device, a hybrid device, a vehiculardevice, a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a consumerdevice, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a wireless communicationstation, a wireless communication device, a wireless Access Point (AP),a wired or wireless router, a wired or wireless modem, a video device,an audio device, an audio-video (A/V) device, a wired or wirelessnetwork, a wireless area network, a Wireless Video Area Network (WVAN),a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wireless LAN (WLAN), a Personal AreaNetwork (PAN), a Wireless PAN (WPAN), and the like.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with devices and/or networksoperating in accordance with existing IEEE 802.11 standards (includingIEEE 802.11-2016 (IEEE 802.11-2016, IEEE Standard for Informationtechnology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systemsLocal and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements Part 11:Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)Specifications, Dec. 7, 2016); and/or IEEE 802.11ay (P802.11ay/D1.0Draft Standard for Information Technology—Telecommunications andInformation Exchange Between Systems—Local and Metropolitan AreaNetworks—Specific Requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium AccessControl (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications—Amendment 7:Enhanced Throughput for Operation in License-Exempt Bands Above 45 GHz,November 2017)) and/or future versions and/or derivatives thereof,devices and/or networks operating in accordance with existing WFAPeer-to-Peer (P2P) specifications (WiFi P2P technical specification,version 1.7, Jul. 6, 2016) and/or future versions and/or derivativesthereof, devices and/or networks operating in accordance with existingWireless-Gigabit-Alliance (WGA) specifications (including WirelessGigabit Alliance, Inc WiGig MAC and PHY Specification Version 1.1, April2011, Final specification) and/or future versions and/or derivativesthereof, devices and/or networks operating in accordance with existingcellular specifications and/or protocols, e.g., 3rd GenerationPartnership Project (3GPP), 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or futureversions and/or derivatives thereof, units and/or devices which are partof the above networks, and the like.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one way and/or two-wayradio communication systems, cellular radio-telephone communicationsystems, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a wireless telephone, aPersonal Communication Systems (PCS) device, a PDA device whichincorporates a wireless communication device, a mobile or portableGlobal Positioning System (GPS) device, a device which incorporates aGPS receiver or transceiver or chip, a device which incorporates an RFIDelement or chip, a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) transceiver ordevice, a Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) transceiver or device, aMultiple Input Single Output (MISO) transceiver or device, a devicehaving one or more internal antennas and/or external antennas, DigitalVideo Broadcast (DVB) devices or systems, multi-standard radio devicesor systems, a wired or wireless handheld device, e.g., a Smartphone, aWireless Application Protocol (WAP) device, or the like.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one or more types ofwireless communication signals and/or systems, for example, RadioFrequency (RF), Infra Red (IR), Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM),Orthogonal FDM (OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access(OFDMA), FDM Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM), Time-Division MultipleAccess (TDMA), Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO), Spatial Division MultipleAccess (SDMA), Extended TDMA (E-TDMA), General Packet Radio Service(GPRS), extended GPRS, Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA), WidebandCDMA (WCDMA), CDMA 2000, single-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier CDMA,Multi-Carrier Modulation (MDM), Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT), Bluetooth®,Global Positioning System (GPS), Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, ZigBee™, Ultra-Wideband(UWB), Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 3.5G,4G, Fifth Generation (5G), or Sixth Generation (6G) mobile networks,3GPP, Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE advanced, Enhanced Data rates forGSM Evolution (EDGE), or the like. Other embodiments may be used invarious other devices, systems and/or networks.

The term “wireless device”, as used herein, includes, for example, adevice capable of wireless communication, a communication device capableof wireless communication, a communication station capable of wirelesscommunication, a portable or non-portable device capable of wirelesscommunication, or the like. In some demonstrative embodiments, awireless device may be or may include a peripheral that is integratedwith a computer, or a peripheral that is attached to a computer. In somedemonstrative embodiments, the term “wireless device” may optionallyinclude a wireless service.

The term “communicating” as used herein with respect to a communicationsignal includes transmitting the communication signal and/or receivingthe communication signal. For example, a communication unit, which iscapable of communicating a communication signal, may include atransmitter to transmit the communication signal to at least one othercommunication unit, and/or a communication receiver to receive thecommunication signal from at least one other communication unit. Theverb communicating may be used to refer to the action of transmitting orthe action of receiving. In one example, the phrase “communicating asignal” may refer to the action of transmitting the signal by a firstdevice, and may not necessarily include the action of receiving thesignal by a second device. In another example, the phrase “communicatinga signal” may refer to the action of receiving the signal by a firstdevice, and may not necessarily include the action of transmitting thesignal by a second device. The communication signal may be transmittedand/or received, for example, in the form of Radio Frequency (RF)communication signals, and/or any other type of signal.

As used herein, the term “circuitry” may refer to, be part of, orinclude, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), anintegrated circuit, an electronic circuit, a processor (shared,dedicated, or group), and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), thatexecute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logiccircuit, and/or other suitable hardware components that provide thedescribed functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may beimplemented in, or functions associated with the circuitry may beimplemented by, one or more software or firmware modules. In someembodiments, circuitry may include logic, at least partially operable inhardware.

The term “logic” may refer, for example, to computing logic embedded incircuitry of a computing apparatus and/or computing logic stored in amemory of a computing apparatus. For example, the logic may beaccessible by a processor of the computing apparatus to execute thecomputing logic to perform computing functions and/or operations. In oneexample, logic may be embedded in various types of memory and/orfirmware, e.g., silicon blocks of various chips and/or processors. Logicmay be included in, and/or implemented as part of, various circuitry,e.g. radio circuitry, receiver circuitry, control circuitry, transmittercircuitry, transceiver circuitry, processor circuitry, and/or the like.In one example, logic may be embedded in volatile memory and/ornon-volatile memory, including random access memory, read only memory,programmable memory, magnetic memory, flash memory, persistent memory,and the like. Logic may be executed by one or more processors usingmemory, e.g., registers, stuck, buffers, and/or the like, coupled to theone or more processors, e.g., as necessary to execute the logic.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be used in conjunction with a WLAN,e.g., a WiFi network. Other embodiments may be used in conjunction withany other suitable wireless communication network, for example, awireless area network, a “piconet”, a WPAN, a WVAN and the like.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be used in conjunction with awireless communication network communicating over a frequency band above45 Gigahertz (GHz), e.g., 60 GHz. However, other embodiments may beimplemented utilizing any other suitable wireless communicationfrequency bands, for example, an Extremely High Frequency (EHF) band(the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band), e.g., a frequency bandwithin the frequency band of between 20 Ghz and 300 GHz, a frequencyband above 45 GHz, a 5G frequency band, a frequency band below 20 GHz,e.g., a Sub 1 GHz (S1G) band, a 2.4 GHz band, a 5 GHz band, a WLANfrequency band, a WPAN frequency band, a frequency band according to theWGA specification, and the like.

The term “antenna”, as used herein, may include any suitableconfiguration, structure and/or arrangement of one or more antennaelements, components, units, assemblies and/or arrays. In someembodiments, the antenna may implement transmit and receivefunctionalities using separate transmit and receive antenna elements. Insome embodiments, the antenna may implement transmit and receivefunctionalities using common and/or integrated transmit/receiveelements. The antenna may include, for example, a phased array antenna,a single element antenna, a set of switched beam antennas, and/or thelike.

The phrases “directional multi-gigabit (DMG)” and “directional band”(DBand), as used herein, may relate to a frequency band wherein theChannel starting frequency is above 45 GHz. In one example, DMGcommunications may involve one or more directional links to communicateat a rate of multiple gigabits per second, for example, at least 1Gigabit per second, e.g., at least 7 Gigabit per second, at least 30Gigabit per second, or any other rate.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be implemented by a DMG STA (alsoreferred to as a “mmWave STA (mSTA)”), which may include for example, aSTA having a radio transmitter, which is capable of operating on achannel that is within the DMG band. The DMG STA may perform otheradditional or alternative functionality. Other embodiments may beimplemented by any other apparatus, device and/or station.

Reference is made to FIG. 1 , which schematically illustrates a system100, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

As shown in FIG. 1 , in some demonstrative embodiments, system 100 mayinclude one or more wireless communication devices. For example, system100 may include a wireless communication device 102, a wirelesscommunication device 140, and/or one more other devices.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may include amobile device or a non-mobile, e.g., a static, device.

For example, devices 102 and/or 140 may include, for example, a UE, anMD, a STA, an AP, a PC, a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptopcomputer, an Ultrabook™ computer, a notebook computer, a tabletcomputer, a server computer, a handheld computer, an Internet of Things(IoT) device, a sensor device, a handheld device, a wearable device, aPDA device, a handheld PDA device, an on-board device, an off-boarddevice, a hybrid device (e.g., combining cellular phone functionalitieswith PDA device functionalities), a consumer device, a vehicular device,a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a non-mobile ornon-portable device, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a PCS device,a PDA device which incorporates a wireless communication device, amobile or portable GPS device, a DVB device, a relatively smallcomputing device, a non-desktop computer, a “Carry Small Live Large”(CSLL) device, an Ultra Mobile Device (UMD), an Ultra Mobile PC (UMPC),a Mobile Internet Device (MID), an “Origami” device or computing device,a device that supports Dynamically Composable Computing (DCC), acontext-aware device, a video device, an audio device, an A/V device, aSet-Top-Box (STB), a Blu-ray disc (BD) player, a BD recorder, a DigitalVideo Disc (DVD) player, a High Definition (HD) DVD player, a DVDrecorder, a HD DVD recorder, a Personal Video Recorder (PVR), abroadcast HD receiver, a video source, an audio source, a video sink, anaudio sink, a stereo tuner, a broadcast radio receiver, a flat paneldisplay, a Personal Media Player (PMP), a digital video camera (DVC), adigital audio player, a speaker, an audio receiver, an audio amplifier,a gaming device, a data source, a data sink, a Digital Still camera(DSC), a media player, a Smartphone, a television, a music player, orthe like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include, for example,one or more of a processor 191, an input unit 192, an output unit 193, amemory unit 194, and/or a storage unit 195; and/or device 140 mayinclude, for example, one or more of a processor 181, an input unit 182,an output unit 183, a memory unit 184, and/or a storage unit 185.Devices 102 and/or 140 may optionally include other suitable hardwarecomponents and/or software components. In some demonstrativeembodiments, some or all of the components of one or more of devices 102and/or 140 may be enclosed in a common housing or packaging, and may beinterconnected or operably associated using one or more wired orwireless links. In other embodiments, components of one or more ofdevices 102 and/or 140 may be distributed among multiple or separatedevices.

In some demonstrative embodiments, processor 191 and/or processor 181may include, for example, a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a DigitalSignal Processor (DSP), one or more processor cores, a single-coreprocessor, a dual-core processor, a multiple-core processor, amicroprocessor, a host processor, a controller, a plurality ofprocessors or controllers, a chip, a microchip, one or more circuits,circuitry, a logic unit, an Integrated Circuit (IC), anApplication-Specific IC (ASIC), or any other suitable multi-purpose orspecific processor or controller. Processor 191 may executeinstructions, for example, of an Operating System (OS) of device 102and/or of one or more suitable applications. Processor 181 may executeinstructions, for example, of an Operating System (OS) of device 140and/or of one or more suitable applications.

In some demonstrative embodiments, input unit 192 and/or input unit 182may include, for example, a keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a touch-screen,a touch-pad, a track-ball, a stylus, a microphone, or other suitablepointing device or input device. Output unit 193 and/or output unit 183may include, for example, a monitor, a screen, a touch-screen, a flatpanel display, a Light Emitting Diode (LED) display unit, a LiquidCrystal Display (LCD) display unit, a plasma display unit, one or moreaudio speakers or earphones, or other suitable output devices.

In some demonstrative embodiments, memory unit 194 and/or memory unit184 includes, for example, a Random Access Memory (RAM), a Read OnlyMemory (ROM), a Dynamic RAM (DRAM), a Synchronous DRAM (SD-RAM), a flashmemory, a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, a cache memory, abuffer, a short term memory unit, a long term memory unit, or othersuitable memory units. Storage unit 195 and/or storage unit 185 mayinclude, for example, a hard disk drive, a floppy disk drive, a CompactDisk (CD) drive, a CD-ROM drive, a DVD drive, or other suitableremovable or non-removable storage units. Memory unit 194 and/or storageunit 195, for example, may store data processed by device 102. Memoryunit 184 and/or storage unit 185, for example, may store data processedby device 140.

In some demonstrative embodiments, wireless communication devices 102and/or 140 may be capable of communicating content, data, informationand/or signals via a wireless medium (WM) 103. In some demonstrativeembodiments, wireless medium 103 may include, for example, a radiochannel, a cellular channel, an RF channel, a WiFi channel, a 5Gchannel, an IR channel, a Bluetooth (BT) channel, a Global NavigationSatellite System (GNSS) Channel, and the like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, WM 103 may include one or moredirectional bands and/or channels. For example, WM 103 may include oneor more millimeter-wave (mmWave) wireless communication bands and/orchannels.

In some demonstrative embodiments, WM 103 may include one or more DMGchannels. In other embodiments WM 103 may include any other directionalchannels.

In other embodiments, WM 103 may include any other type of channel overany other frequency band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 mayinclude one or more radios including circuitry and/or logic to performwireless communication between devices 102, 140 and/or one or more otherwireless communication devices. For example, device 102 may include atleast one radio 114, and/or device 140 may include at least one radio144.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radio 114 and/or radio 144 mayinclude one or more wireless receivers (Rx) including circuitry and/orlogic to receive wireless communication signals, RF signals, frames,blocks, transmission streams, packets, messages, data items, and/ordata. For example, radio 114 may include at least one receiver 116,and/or radio 144 may include at least one receiver 146.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radio 114 and/or radio 144 mayinclude one or more wireless transmitters (Tx) including circuitryand/or logic to transmit wireless communication signals, RF signals,frames, blocks, transmission streams, packets, messages, data items,and/or data. For example, radio 114 may include at least one transmitter118, and/or radio 144 may include at least one transmitter 148.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radio 114 and/or radio 144,transmitters 118 and/or 148, and/or receivers 116 and/or 146 may includecircuitry; logic; Radio Frequency (RF) elements, circuitry and/or logic;baseband elements, circuitry and/or logic; modulation elements,circuitry and/or logic; demodulation elements, circuitry and/or logic;amplifiers; analog to digital and/or digital to analog converters;filters; and/or the like. For example, radio 114 and/or radio 144 mayinclude or may be implemented as part of a wireless Network InterfaceCard (NIC), and the like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radios 114 and/or 144 may beconfigured to communicate over a directional band, for example, anmmWave band, a 5G band, and/or any other band, for example, a 2.4 GHzband, a 5 GHz band, a S1G band, and/or any other band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radios 114 and/or 144 may include, ormay be associated with one or more, e.g., a plurality of, directionalantennas.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include one or more,e.g., a plurality of, directional antennas 107, and/or device 140 mayinclude on or more, e.g., a plurality of, directional antennas 147.

Antennas 107 and/or 147 may include any type of antennas suitable fortransmitting and/or receiving wireless communication signals, blocks,frames, transmission streams, packets, messages and/or data. Forexample, antennas 107 and/or 147 may include any suitable configuration,structure and/or arrangement of one or more antenna elements,components, units, assemblies and/or arrays. Antennas 107 and/or 147 mayinclude, for example, antennas suitable for directional communication,e.g., using beamforming techniques. For example, antennas 107 and/or 147may include a phased array antenna, a multiple element antenna, a set ofswitched beam antennas, and/or the like. In some embodiments, antennas107 and/or 147 may implement transmit and receive functionalities usingseparate transmit and receive antenna elements. In some embodiments,antennas 107 and/or 147 may implement transmit and receivefunctionalities using common and/or integrated transmit/receiveelements.

In some demonstrative embodiments, antennas 107 and/or 147 may includedirectional antennas, which may be steered to one or more beamdirections. For example, antennas 107 may be steered to one or more beamdirections 135, and/or antennas 147 may be steered to one or more beamdirections 145.

In some demonstrative embodiments, antennas 107 and/or 147 may includeand/or may be implemented as part of a single Phased Antenna Array(PAA).

In some demonstrative embodiments, antennas 107 and/or 147 may beimplemented as part of a plurality of PAAs, for example, as a pluralityof physically independent PAAs.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a PAA may include, for example, arectangular geometry, e.g., including an integer number, denoted M, ofrows, and an integer number, denoted N, of columns. In otherembodiments, any other types of antennas and/or antenna arrays may beused.

In some demonstrative embodiments, antennas 107 and/or antennas 147 maybe connected to, and/or associated with, one or more Radio Frequency(RF) chains.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include one or more,e.g., a plurality of, RF chains 109 connected to, and/or associatedwith, antennas 107.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more of RF chains 109 may beincluded as part of, and/or implemented as part of one or more elementsof radio 114, e.g., as part of transmitter 118 and/or receiver 116.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 may include one or more,e.g., a plurality of, RF chains 149 connected to, and/or associatedwith, antennas 147.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more of RF chains 149 may beincluded as part of, and/or implemented as part of one or more elementsof radio 144, e.g., as part of transmitter 148 and/or receiver 146.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include a controller124, and/or device 140 may include a controller 154. Controller 124 maybe configured to perform and/or to trigger, cause, instruct and/orcontrol device 102 to perform, one or more communications, to generateand/or communicate one or more messages and/or transmissions, and/or toperform one or more functionalities, operations and/or proceduresbetween devices 102, 140 and/or one or more other devices; and/orcontroller 154 may be configured to perform, and/or to trigger, cause,instruct and/or control device 140 to perform, one or morecommunications, to generate and/or communicate one or more messagesand/or transmissions, and/or to perform one or more functionalities,operations and/or procedures between devices 102, 140 and/or one or moreother devices, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controllers 124 and/or 154 mayinclude, or may be implemented, partially or entirely, by circuitryand/or logic, e.g., one or more processors including circuitry and/orlogic, memory circuitry and/or logic, Media-Access Control (MAC)circuitry and/or logic, Physical Layer (PHY) circuitry and/or logic,baseband (BB) circuitry and/or logic, a BB processor, a BB memory,Application Processor (AP) circuitry and/or logic, an AP processor, anAP memory, and/or any other circuitry and/or logic, configured toperform the functionality of controllers 124 and/or 154, respectively.Additionally or alternatively, one or more functionalities ofcontrollers 124 and/or 154 may be implemented by logic, which may beexecuted by a machine and/or one or more processors, e.g., as describedbelow.

In one example, controller 124 may include circuitry and/or logic, forexample, one or more processors including circuitry and/or logic, tocause, trigger and/or control a wireless device, e.g., device 102,and/or a wireless station, e.g., a wireless STA implemented by device102, to perform one or more operations, communications and/orfunctionalities, e.g., as described herein. In one example, controller124 may include at least one memory, e.g., coupled to the one or moreprocessors, which may be configured, for example, to store, e.g., atleast temporarily, at least some of the information processed by the oneor more processors and/or circuitry, and/or which may be configured tostore logic to be utilized by the processors and/or circuitry.

In one example, controller 154 may include circuitry and/or logic, forexample, one or more processors including circuitry and/or logic, tocause, trigger and/or control a wireless device, e.g., device 140,and/or a wireless station, e.g., a wireless STA implemented by device140, to perform one or more operations, communications and/orfunctionalities, e.g., as described herein. In one example, controller154 may include at least one memory, e.g., coupled to the one or moreprocessors, which may be configured, for example, to store, e.g., atleast temporarily, at least some of the information processed by the oneor more processors and/or circuitry, and/or which may be configured tostore logic to be utilized by the processors and/or circuitry.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include a messageprocessor 128 configured to generate, process and/or access one ormessages communicated by device 102.

In one example, message processor 128 may be configured to generate oneor more messages to be transmitted by device 102, and/or messageprocessor 128 may be configured to access and/or to process one or moremessages received by device 102, e.g., as described below.

In one example, message processor 128 may include at least one firstcomponent configured to generate a message, for example, in the form ofa frame, field, information element and/or protocol data unit, forexample, a MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU); at least one second componentconfigured to convert the message into a PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU),for example, by processing the message generated by the at least onefirst component, e.g., by encoding the message, modulating the messageand/or performing any other additional or alternative processing of themessage; and/or at least one third component configured to causetransmission of the message over a wireless communication medium, e.g.,over a wireless communication channel in a wireless communicationfrequency band, for example, by applying to one or more fields of thePPDU one or more transmit waveforms. In other embodiments, messageprocessor 128 may be configured to perform any other additional oralternative functionality and/or may include any other additional oralternative components to generate and/or process a message to betransmitted.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 may include a messageprocessor 158 configured to generate, process and/or access one ormessages communicated by device 140.

In one example, message processor 158 may be configured to generate oneor more messages to be transmitted by device 140, and/or messageprocessor 158 may be configured to access and/or to process one or moremessages received by device 140, e.g., as described below.

In one example, message processor 158 may include at least one firstcomponent configured to generate a message, for example, in the form ofa frame, field, information element and/or protocol data unit, forexample, a MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU); at least one second componentconfigured to convert the message into a PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU),for example, by processing the message generated by the at least onefirst component, e.g., by encoding the message, modulating the messageand/or performing any other additional or alternative processing of themessage; and/or at least one third component configured to causetransmission of the message over a wireless communication medium, e.g.,over a wireless communication channel in a wireless communicationfrequency band, for example, by applying to one or more fields of thePPDU one or more transmit waveforms. In other embodiments, messageprocessor 158 may be configured to perform any other additional oralternative functionality and/or may include any other additional oralternative components to generate and/or process a message to betransmitted.

In some demonstrative embodiments, message processors 128 and/or 158 mayinclude, or may be implemented, partially or entirely, by circuitryand/or logic, e.g., one or more processors including circuitry and/orlogic, memory circuitry and/or logic, Media-Access Control (MAC)circuitry and/or logic, Physical Layer (PHY) circuitry and/or logic, BBcircuitry and/or logic, a BB processor, a BB memory, AP circuitry and/orlogic, an AP processor, an AP memory, and/or any other circuitry and/orlogic, configured to perform the functionality of message processors 128and/or 158, respectively. Additionally or alternatively, one or morefunctionalities of message processors 128 and/or 158 may be implementedby logic, which may be executed by a machine and/or one or moreprocessors, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality ofmessage processor 128 may be implemented as part of radio 114, and/or atleast part of the functionality of message processor 158 may beimplemented as part of radio 144.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality ofmessage processor 128 may be implemented as part of controller 124,and/or at least part of the functionality of message processor 158 maybe implemented as part of controller 154.

In other embodiments, the functionality of message processor 128 may beimplemented as part of any other element of device 102, and/or thefunctionality of message processor 158 may be implemented as part of anyother element of device 140.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality ofcontroller 124 and/or message processor 128 may be implemented by anintegrated circuit, for example, a chip, e.g., a System on Chip (SoC).In one example, the chip or SoC may be configured to perform one or morefunctionalities of radio 114. For example, the chip or SoC may includeone or more elements of controller 124, one or more elements of messageprocessor 128, and/or one or more elements of radio 114. In one example,controller 124, message processor 128, and radio 114 may be implementedas part of the chip or SoC.

In other embodiments, controller 124, message processor 128 and/or radio114 may be implemented by one or more additional or alternative elementsof device 102.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality ofcontroller 154 and/or message processor 158 may be implemented by anintegrated circuit, for example, a chip, e.g., a System on Chip (SoC).In one example, the chip or SoC may be configured to perform one or morefunctionalities of radio 144. For example, the chip or SoC may includeone or more elements of controller 154, one or more elements of messageprocessor 158, and/or one or more elements of radio 144. In one example,controller 154, message processor 158, and radio 144 may be implementedas part of the chip or SoC.

In other embodiments, controller 154, message processor 158 and/or radio144 may be implemented by one or more additional or alternative elementsof device 140.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 mayinclude, operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one or morefunctionalities of, one or more STAs. For example, device 102 mayinclude at least one STA, and/or device 140 may include at least oneSTA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 mayinclude, operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one or morefunctionalities of, one or more DMG STAs. For example, device 102 mayinclude, operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one or morefunctionalities of, at least one DMG STA, and/or device 140 may include,operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one or morefunctionalities of, at least one DMG STA.

In other embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may include, operate as,perform the role of, and/or perform one or more functionalities of, anyother wireless device and/or station, e.g., a WLAN STA, a WiFi STA, andthe like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may beconfigured operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one or morefunctionalities of, an access point (AP), e.g., a DMG AP, and/or apersonal basic service set (PBSS) control point (PCP), e.g., a DMG PCP,for example, an AP/PCP STA, e.g., a DMG AP/PCP STA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may beconfigured to operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one ormore functionalities of, a non-AP STA, e.g., a DMG non-AP STA, and/or anon-PCP STA, e.g., a DMG non-PCP STA, for example, a non-AP/PCP STA,e.g., a DMG non-AP/PCP STA.

In other embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may operate as,perform the role of, and/or perform one or more functionalities of, anyother additional or alternative device and/or station.

In one example, a station (STA) may include a logical entity that is asingly addressable instance of a medium access control (MAC) andphysical layer (PHY) interface to the wireless medium (WM). The STA mayperform any other additional or alternative functionality.

In one example, an AP may include an entity that contains a station(STA), e.g., one STA, and provides access to distribution services, viathe wireless medium (WM) for associated STAs. The AP may perform anyother additional or alternative functionality.

In one example, a personal basic service set (PBSS) control point (PCP)may include an entity that contains a STA, e.g., one station (STA), andcoordinates access to the wireless medium (WM) by STAs that are membersof a PBSS. The PCP may perform any other additional or alternativefunctionality.

In one example, a PBSS may include a directional multi-gigabit (DMG)basic service set (BSS) that includes, for example, one PBSS controlpoint (PCP). For example, access to a distribution system (DS) may notbe present, but, for example, an intra-PBSS forwarding service mayoptionally be present.

In one example, a PCP/AP STA may include a station (STA) that is atleast one of a PCP or an AP. The PCP/AP STA may perform any otheradditional or alternative functionality.

In one example, a non-AP STA may include a STA that is not containedwithin an AP. The non-AP STA may perform any other additional oralternative functionality.

In one example, a non-PCP STA may include a STA that is not a PCP. Thenon-PCP STA may perform any other additional or alternativefunctionality.

In one example, a non PCP/AP STA may include a STA that is not a PCP andthat is not an AP. The non-PCP/AP STA may perform any other additionalor alternative functionality.

In some demonstrative embodiments devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to communicate over a Next Generation 60 GHz (NG60) network,an Enhanced DMG (EDMG) network, and/or any other network. For example,devices 102 and/or 140 may perform Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO)communication, for example, for communicating over the NG60 and/or EDMGnetworks, e.g., over an NG60 or an EDMG frequency band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to operate in accordance with one or more Specifications, forexample, including one or more IEEE 802.11 Specifications, e.g., an IEEE802.11-2016 Specification, an IEEE 802.11ay Specification, and/or anyother specification and/or protocol.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be implemented, for example, as partof a new standard in an mmWave band, e.g., a 60 GHz frequency band orany other directional band, for example, as an evolution of an IEEE802.11-2016 Specification and/or an IEEE 802.11ad Specification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured according to one or more standards, for example, inaccordance with an IEEE 802.11ay Standard, which may be, for example,configured to enhance the efficiency and/or performance of an IEEE802.11ad Specification, which may be configured to provide Wi-Ficonnectivity in a 60 GHz band.

Some demonstrative embodiments may enable, for example, to significantlyincrease the data transmission rates defined in the IEEE 802.11adSpecification, for example, from 7 Gigabit per second (Gbps), e.g., upto 30 Gbps, or to any other data rate, which may, for example, satisfygrowing demand in network capacity for new coming applications.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be implemented, for example, to allowincreasing a transmission data rate, for example, by applying MIMOand/or channel bonding techniques.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to communicate MIMO communications over the mmWave wirelesscommunication band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may beconfigured to support one or more mechanisms and/or features, forexample, channel bonding, Single User (SU) MIMO, and/or Multi-User (MU)MIMO, for example, in accordance with an IEEE 802.11ay Standard and/orany other standard and/or protocol.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 mayinclude, operate as, perform a role of, and/or perform the functionalityof, one or more EDMG STAs. For example, device 102 may include, operateas, perform a role of, and/or perform the functionality of, at least oneEDMG STA, and/or device 140 may include, operate as, perform a role of,and/or perform the functionality of, at least one EDMG STA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may implementa communication scheme, which may include Physical layer (PHY) and/orMedia Access Control (MAC) layer schemes, for example, to support one ormore applications, and/or increased transmission data rates, e.g., datarates of up to 30 Gbps, or any other data rate.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the PHY and/or MAC layer schemes maybe configured to support frequency channel bonding over a mmWave band,e.g., over a 60 GHz band, SU MIMO techniques, and/or MU MIMO techniques.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more mechanisms, which may be configuredto enable SU and/or MU communication of Downlink (DL) and/or Uplinkframes (UL) using a MIMO scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more MU communication mechanisms. Forexample, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to implement one ormore MU mechanisms, which may be configured to enable MU communicationof DL frames using a MIMO scheme, for example, between a device, e.g.,device 102, and a plurality of devices, e.g., including device 140and/or one or more other devices.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to communicate over an NG60 network, an EDMG network, and/orany other network and/or any other frequency band. For example, devices102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate DL MIMO transmissionsand/or UL MIMO transmissions, for example, for communicating over theNG60 and/or EDMG networks.

Some wireless communication Specifications, for example, the IEEE802.11ad-2012 Specification, may be configured to support a SU system,in which a STA may transmit frames to a single STA at a time. SuchSpecifications may not be able, for example, to support a STAtransmitting to multiple STAs simultaneously, for example, using aMU-MIMO scheme, e.g., a DL MU-MIMO, or any other MU scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to communicate over a channel bandwidth, e.g., of at least2.16 GHz, in a frequency band above 45 GHz.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more mechanisms, which may, for example,enable to extend a single-channel BW scheme, e.g., a scheme inaccordance with the IEEE 802.11ad Specification or any other scheme, forhigher data rates and/or increased capabilities, e.g., as describedbelow.

In one example, the single-channel BW scheme may include communicationover a 2.16 GHz channel (also referred to as a “single-channel” or a“DMG channel”).

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more channel bonding mechanisms, whichmay, for example, support communication over a channel BW (also referredto as a “wide channel”, an “EDMG channel”, or a “bonded channel”)including two or more channels, e.g., two or more 2.16 GHz channels,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the channel bonding mechanisms mayinclude, for example, a mechanism and/or an operation whereby two ormore channels, e.g., 2.16 GHz channels, can be combined, e.g., for ahigher bandwidth of packet transmission, for example, to enableachieving higher data rates, e.g., when compared to transmissions over asingle channel. Some demonstrative embodiments are described herein withrespect to communication over a channel BW including two or more 2.16GHz channels, however other embodiments may be implemented with respectto communications over a channel bandwidth, e.g., a “wide” channel,including or formed by any other number of two or more channels, forexample, an aggregated channel including an aggregation of two or morechannels.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more channel bonding mechanisms, whichmay, for example, support an increased channel bandwidth, for example, achannel BW of 4.32 GHz, a channel BW of 6.48 GHz, a channel BW of 8.64GHz, and/or any other additional or alternative channel BW, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more channel bonding mechanisms, whichmay, for example, support an increased channel bandwidth, for example, achannel BW of 4.32 GHz, e.g., including two 2.16 Ghz channels accordingto a channel bonding factor of two, a channel BW of 6.48 GHz, e.g.,including three 2.16 Ghz channels according to a channel bonding factorof three, a channel BW of 8.64 GHz, e.g., including four 2.16 Ghzchannels according to a channel bonding factor of four, and/or any otheradditional or alternative channel BW, e.g., including any other numberof 2.16 Ghz channels and/or according to any other channel bondingfactor.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may beconfigured to communicate one or more transmissions over one or morechannel BWs, for example, including a channel BW of 2.16 GHz, a channelBW of 4.32 GHz, a channel BW of 6.48 GHz, a channel BW of 8.64 GHzand/or any other channel BW.

In some demonstrative embodiments, introduction of MIMO may be based,for example, on implementing robust transmission modes and/or enhancingthe reliability of data transmission, e.g., rather than the transmissionrate, compared to a Single Input Single Output (SISO) case. For example,one or more Space Time Block Coding (STBC) schemes utilizing aspace-time channel diversity property may be implemented to achieve oneor more enhancements for the MIMO transmission.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, process, transmit and/or receive a PhysicalLayer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) having a PPDU format (alsoreferred to as “EDMG PPDU format”), which may be configured, forexample, for communication between EDMG stations, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a PPDU, e.g., an EDMG PPDU, mayinclude at least one non-EDMG fields, e.g., a legacy field, which may beidentified, decodable, and/or processed by one or more devices(“non-EDMG devices”, or “legacy devices”), which may not support one ormore features and/or mechanisms (“non-legacy” mechanisms or “EDMGmechanisms”). For example, the legacy devices may include non-EDMGstations, which may be, for example, configured according to an IEEE802.11-2016 Standard, and the like. For example, a non-EDMG station mayinclude a DMG station, which is not an EDMG station.

Reference is made to FIG. 2 , which schematically illustrates an EDMGPPDU format 200, which may be implemented in accordance with somedemonstrative embodiments. In one example, devices 102 (FIG. 1 ) and/or140 (FIG. 1 ) may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/orprocess one or more EDMG PPDUs having the structure and/or format ofEDMG PPDU 200.

In one example, devices 102 (FIG. 1 ) and/or 140 (FIG. 1 ) maycommunicate PPDU 200, for example, as part of a transmission over achannel, e.g., an EDMG channel, having a channel bandwidth including oneor more 2.16 GHz channels, for example, including a channel BW of 2.16GHz, a channel BW of 4.32 GHz, a channel BW of 6.48 GHz, a channel BW of8.64 GHz, and/or any other channel BW, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2 , EDMG PPDU 200may include a non-EDMG portion 210 (“legacy portion”), e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2 , non-EDMG portion210 may include a non-EDMG (legacy) Short Training Field (STF) (L-STF)202, a non-EDMG (Legacy) Channel Estimation Field (CEF) (L-CEF) 204,and/or a non-EDMG header (L-header) 206.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2 , EDMG PPDU 200,may include an EDMG portion 220, for example, following non-EDMG portion210, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2 , EDMG portion 220may include a first EDMG header, e.g., an EDMG-Header-A 208, an EDMG-STF212, an EDMG-CEF 214, a second EDMG header, e.g., an EDMG-Header-B 216,a Data field 218, and/or one or more beamforming training fields, e.g.,a TRN field 224.

In some demonstrative embodiments, EDMG portion 220 may include some orall of the fields shown in FIG. 2 and/or one or more other additional oralternative fields.

Referring back to FIG. 1 , in some demonstrative embodiments, devices102 and/or 140 may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/orprocess one or more transmissions, e.g., including one or more non-EDMGPPDUs and/or EDMG PPDUs, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moretransmissions of PPDUs, for example, non-EDMG PPDUs and/or EDMG PPDUs,for example, for Control PHY (Control mode), e.g., in accordance with anIEEE 802.11ay Specification and/or any other specification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moretransmissions of control mode PPDUs, for example, non-EDMG Control modePPDUs and/or EDMG Control mode PPDUs, e.g., as described below.

Some demonstrative embodiments are described herein with respect tocommunicating control mode PPDUs. In other embodiments, one or more ofthe operations and/or communications may be implemented with respect tocommunication of any other type of PPDUs.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moretransmissions of the PPDUs, for example, by transmission over a 2.16 GHzbandwidth, a 4.32 GHz bandwidth, a 6.48 GHz bandwidth, a 8.64 GHzbandwidth, and/or any other bandwidth.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process a non-EDMG PPDUand/or an EDMG PPDU transmission over a 2.16 GHz channel, a 4.32 GHzchannel, a 6.48 GHz channel, a 8.64 GHz channel, and/or any otherchannel bandwidth, for example, using N_(TX) transmit chains, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process a non-EDMGPPDU, which may be configured according to a non-EDMG PPDU format, whichmay be, for example, received and/or decoded by both DMG STAs (“legacyDMG stations”) and EDMG STAs (“new STAs”).

In some demonstrative embodiments, the non-EDMG PPDU format may include,for example, a non-EDMG portion, e.g., non-EDMG portion 210 (FIG. 2 ),which may be followed by a data field, and a TRN field. For example, thenon-EDMG portion may include a non-EDMG STF, e.g., L-STF 202 (FIG. 2 ),a non-EDMG CEF, e.g., L-CEF 204, and/or a non-EDMG header, e.g.,L-header 206 (FIG. 2 ).

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG PPDU format may include oneor more EDMG fields, for example, one or more fields of EDMG portion 220(FIG. 2 ), which may be intended for, e.g., receivable by and/ordecodable by, EDMG STAs, for example, only EDMG STAs. For example,non-EDMG STAs, e.g., DMG STAs, may be able to decode an L-Header of theEDMG PPDU, for example, to extract a Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)and/or a PHY Service Data Unit (PSDU) length and/or any otherinformation, for example, to update a NAV counter.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a Control mode EDMG PPDU may include,for example, a preamble, a data field, e.g., data field 218 (FIG. 2 ),and a TRN field, e.g., TRN field 224 (FIG. 2 ).

In some demonstrative embodiments, the preamble for the Control modeEDMG PPDU may include, for example, an L-STF, e.g., L-STF 202 (FIG. 2 ),an L-CEF, e.g., L-CEF 204 (FIG. 2 ), an L-Header, e.g., L-Header 206(FIG. 2 ), and/or an EDMG Header-A, e.g., EDMG Header A 208 (FIG. 2 ).

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may implementone or more elements and/or functionalities according to a transmitterarchitecture, which may be configured, for example, to transmit one ormore types of PPDUs, for example, at least non-EDMG Control mode PPDUsand/or EDMG Control mode PPDUs, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture may beconfigured, for example, to perform transmission of the PPDUs, forexample, over a 2.16 GHz channel, a 4.32 GHz channel, a 6.48 GHzchannel, an 8.64 GHz channel, and/or any other channel bandwidth, forexample, using N_(TX) transmit chains, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture may beconfigured, for example, to implement a diversity scheme, for example, aCyclic Shift Diversity (CSD) scheme, to transmit the same signal overdifferent transmit chains, for example, with a cyclic shift, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture may beconfigured, for example, to use a duplicate transmission mode totransmit over a 4.32 GHz channel, a 6.48 GHz channel, an 8.64 GHzchannel, and/or any other channel bandwidth, for example, by duplicatingthe transmission over a plurality of 2.16 GHz channels.

In some demonstrative embodiments, Control mode PPDU transmissions, forexample, an EDMG Control mode PPDU transmission and/or a non-EDMGControl mode PPDU transmission, may be generated using a transmitterarchitecture including one or more blocks, elements, components, and/ormodules, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture mayinclude a scrambler, which may be configured to scramble data, forexample, according to a scrambling scheme, which may be configured toreduce the probability of long sequences of 0s and 1s, e.g., inaccordance with an IEEE 802.11ay Specification and/or any otherSpecification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture mayinclude a Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder, which may beconfigured to encode the data, for example, to allow error correction.In one example, the LDPC encoder may be configured to perform bitpadding, for example, to provide an integer number of codewords, e.g.,in accordance with an IEEE 802.11ay Specification and/or any otherSpecification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture mayinclude constellation mapper, which may be configured to map a sequenceof bits to constellation points, e.g., in accordance with an IEEE802.11ay Specification and/or any other Specification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture mayinclude a spreader, which may be configured to spread out a singleconstellation point to a plurality of chips, e.g., 32 chips or any othernumber of chips, for example, by applying a Golay sequence, e.g., aGolay sequence Ga, of a length 32 or any other length, e.g., inaccordance with an IEEE 802.11ay Specification and/or any otherSpecification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture mayinclude a Golay builder, which may be configured to generate and/orbuild modulated Golay sequences, for example, π/2-BPSK modulated Gaand/or Gb Golay sequences, which may form and/or be included in, forexample, the L-STF, L-CEF, and/or TRN units, e.g., in accordance with anIEEE 802.11ay Specification and/or any other Specification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture mayinclude a Cyclic shift (CSD) inserter, which may be configured, forexample, to apply a cyclic shift, for example, to prevent the signalfrom unintentional beamforming. A cyclic shift may be specified, forexample, per transmitter chain, for example, for non-EDMG duplicate PPDUtransmission and/or EDMG PPDU transmission, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture mayinclude a pulse shaper, which may be configured to perform convolutionof constellation points with a shape filter impulse response, forexample, with a possible sampling rate change. For example, forduplicate channel transmission, pulse shaping may include a relativetime delay between the primary and secondary channels. The exactdefinition of shape filter impulse response may be, for example,implementation specific.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitters 118 and/or 148 mayimplement one or more elements, blocks, components, and/or modules of atransmitter architecture, which may be configured to transmit at leastone or more types of PPDUs, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more elements and/orfunctionalities of transmitter 118 may be implemented by controller 124and/or message processor 128.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 118 may be configured totransmit a PPDU, e.g., EDMG PPDU 200 (FIG. 2 ) or any other PPDU, via aplurality of transmit chains in a channel bandwidth over a frequencyband above 45 GHz, e.g., as described below.

In other embodiments, transmitter 118 may transmit the PPDU over anyother frequency band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 118 may be configured totransmit the PPDU, e.g., EDMG PPDU 200 (FIG. 2 ) or any other PPDU, overa channel bandwidth of 2.16 GHz, 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz, e.g.,as described below.

In other embodiments, transmitter 118 may transmit the PPDU over anyother channel bandwidth.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 118 may include, forexample, a Golay builder, which may be configured to build modulatedGolay sequences for at least a non-EDMG STF of the PPDU, for example,L-STF 202 (FIG. 2 ), and/or a non-EDMG CEF of the PPDU, for example,L-CEF 204 (FIG. 2 ), e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 118 may include, forexample, a scrambler, which may be configured to generate scrambledbits, for example, by scrambling bits of a non-EDMG header (L-header) ofthe PPDU, for example, L-header 206 (FIG. 2 ), and a data field of thePPDU, for example, data field 218 (FIG. 2 ), e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 118 may include, forexample, an encoder, which may be configured to encode the scrambledbits into encoded bits according to a low-density parity-check (LDPC)code, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 118 may include, forexample, a constellation mapper, which may be configured to map theencoded bits into a stream of constellation points, for example,according to a constellation scheme, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 118 may include, forexample, a spreader, which may be configured to spread the stream ofconstellation points, for example, according to a Golay sequence, e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 118 may include, forexample, a transmit chain mapper, which may be configured to map a bitstream output from the Golay builder and the spreader to a plurality oftransmit chains, for example, by applying a spatial expansion withrelative cyclic shift over the plurality of transmit chains, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 118 may include, forexample, one or more cyclic shifters, which may be configured to applythe CSD between the plurality of transmit chains, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the Golay builder may be configuredto build one or more TRN units of the PPDU, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the PPDU may include a non-EDMG PPDUdecodable by one or more non-EDMG stations, which may be, for example,DMG stations, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the relative cyclic shift may beapplied to one or more TRN units of the PPDU, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the PPDU may include an EDMG PPDU,e.g., EDMG PPDU 200 (FIG. 2 ), including at least an EDMG Header (EDMGHeader A), e.g., EDMG Header A 208 (FIG. 2 ), decodable, for example, byEDMG stations, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 118 may be configured tomap the L-CEF, the L-STF, the L-Header, the EDMG Header A, and the datafield of the EDMG PPDU to the plurality of transmit chains, for example,with the relative cyclic shift, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 118 may be configured tomap the one or more TRN units of the EDMG PPDU to the plurality oftransmit chains, for example, without the relative cyclic shift, e.g.,as described below.

For example, transmitter 118 may map L-CEF 204, L-STF 202, L-Header 206,EDMG Header A 208, and data field 218 (FIG. 2 ) to the plurality oftransmit chains, e.g., with the relative cyclic shift, and may map theone or more TRN units of TRN field 224 (FIG. 2 ) to the plurality oftransmit chains, e.g., without the relative cyclic shift.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 118 may be configured tomap to each transmit chain its own TRN unit, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the scrambler may be configured togenerate the scrambled bits, for example, by scrambling bits of the EDMGHeader A, for example, EDMG Header A 208 (FIG. 2 ), for example, whenthe PPDU includes the EDMG PPDU, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the Golay builder may be configuredto build π/2 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulated Golay sequencesincluding the L-STF and L-CEF, for example, L-STF 202 and L-CEF 204(FIG. 2 ), e.g., as described below.

In other embodiments, the Golay builder may build the Golay sequencesmodulated according to any other modulation scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the spreader may be configured tospread the stream of constellation points, for example, according to aGolay sequence of length 32, e.g., as described below.

In other embodiments, the spreader may spread the stream ofconstellation points according to any other sequence of any otherlength.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the PPDU may include a control modePPDU, e.g., as described above.

In other embodiments, the PPDU may include any other type of PPDU.

Reference is made to FIG. 3 , which schematically illustrates a blockdiagram of a transmitter architecture 300, in accordance with somedemonstrative embodiments.

For example, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may be configured to implementone or more elements and/or functionalities of transmitter architecture300.

For example, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may include circuitry and/orlogic configured to perform one or more functionalities and/oroperations of one or more elements of transmitter architecture 300.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more elements and/or blocks oftransmitter architecture 300 may be configured, for example, fornon-EDMG PPDU transmission, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more elements and/or blocks oftransmitter architecture 300 may be implemented by a control modetransmitter, for example, for non-EDMG PPDU transmission, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more elements and/or blocks oftransmitter architecture 300 may be configured, for example, to generatea non-EDMG PPDU.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 3 , one or morefields of the non-EDMG PPDU, for example, an L-STF field, an L-CEFfield, and/or one or more TRN units of the PPDU, may be generated using,for example, a Golay builder block 302.

For example, transmitter architecture 300 may include Golay builderblock 302, which may be configured to build modulated Golay sequencesfor L-STF 202 and L-CEF 204 (FIG. 2 ).

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 3 , one or morefields of the non-EDMG PPDU, for example, an L-Header field and/or adata part of the PPDU, may be generated using, for example, a scrambler304, an LDPC encoder 306, a constellation mapper 308, and/or a spreader310.

For example, transmitter architecture 300 may include scrambler 304,which may be configured to generate scrambled bits by scrambling bits ofL-header 206 and data field 218 (FIG. 2 ).

For example, transmitter architecture 300 may include LDPC encoder 306,which may be configured to encode the scrambled bits into encoded bitsaccording to the LDPC code.

For example, transmitter architecture 300 may include constellationmapper 308, which may be configured to map the encoded bits into astream of constellation points according to a constellation scheme.

For example, transmitter architecture 300 may include spreader 310,which may be configured to spread the stream of constellation pointsaccording to a Golay sequence.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 3 , an encoded andmodulated bit stream 311 may be mapped to the N_(TX) transmit chains,for example, by applying spatial expansion with relative cyclic shiftover the chains.

For example, transmitter architecture 300 may include a transmit chainmapper 312, which may be configured to map bit stream output 311 fromGolay builder 302 and spreader 310 to a plurality of transmit chains 363by applying, for example, a spatial expansion with relative cyclic shiftover the plurality of transmit chains.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 3 , transmitterarchitecture 300 may include one or more cyclic shifters 314, which maybe configured to apply a CSD between the plurality of transmit chains363.

Reference is made to FIG. 4 , which schematically illustrates a blockdiagram of a transmitter architecture 400, in accordance with somedemonstrative embodiments.

For example, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may be configured to implementone or more elements and/or functionalities of transmitter architecture400.

For example, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may include circuitry and/orlogic configured to perform one or more functionalities and/oroperations of one or more elements of transmitter architecture 400.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more elements and/or blocks ofthe transmitter architecture of FIG. 4 may be configured, for example,for EDMG PPDU transmission, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more elements and/or blocks ofthe transmitter architecture of FIG. 4 may be implemented by a controlmode transmitter, for example, for EDMG PPDU transmission, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more elements and/or blocks ofthe transmitter architecture of FIG. 4 may be configured, for example,to generate an EDMG PPDU.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4 , one or morefields of the EDMG PPDU, for example, an L-STF field, an L-CEF field,and/or one or more TRN units of the PPDU, may be generated using, forexample, a Golay builder block 402.

For example, transmitter architecture 400 may include Golay builderblock 402, which may be configured to build modulated Golay sequencesfor L-STF 202 and L-CEF 204 (FIG. 2 ).

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4 , one or morefields of the EDMG PPDU, for example, an L-Header field, an EDMG HeaderA field, and/or a data part of the PPDU, may be generated using, forexample, a scrambler 404, an LDPC encoder 406, a constellation mapper408, and/or a spreader 410.

For example, transmitter architecture 400 may include scrambler 404,which may be configured to generate scrambled bits by scrambling bits ofEDMG Header A 208 (FIG. 2 ).

For example, transmitter architecture 400 may include LDPC encoder 406,which may be configured to encode the scrambled bits into encoded bitsaccording to the LDPC code.

For example, transmitter architecture 400 may include constellationmapper 408, which may be configured to map the encoded bits into astream of constellation points according to a constellation scheme.

For example, transmitter architecture 400 may include spreader 410,which may be configured to spread the stream of constellation pointsaccording to a Golay sequence.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4 , the encoded andmodulated bit stream 411 may be mapped to the N_(TX) transmit chains,for example, by applying spatial expansion with relative cyclic shiftover the chains.

For example, transmitter architecture 400 may include a transmit chainmapper 472, which may be configured to map bit stream output 411 fromGolay builder 402 and spreader 410 to a plurality of transmit chains 463by applying, for example, a spatial expansion with relative cyclic shiftover the plurality of transmit chains.

For example, transmitter architecture 400 may include one or more cyclicshifters 412, which may be configured to apply a CSD between a pluralityof transmit chains 463.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4 , the cyclic shiftis not applied, for example, to the TRN units appended to the frame,such that, for example, each chain transmits its own TRN unit, e.g., inaccordance with an IEEE 802.11ay Specification and/or any otherSpecification.

For example, as shown in FIG. 4 , a TRN unit 413 may be provided, e.g.,by the Golay builder, to a transmit chain, for example, without applyingthe CSD.

Referring back to FIG. 1 , in some demonstrative embodiments, devices102 and/or 140 may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/orprocess one or more transmissions of PPDUs, for example, EDMG PPDUs, forexample, for OFDM PHY, e.g., in accordance with an IEEE 802.11aySpecification and/or any other Specification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moretransmissions of OFDM PPDUs, for example, EDMG OFDM PPDUs, e.g., asdescribed below.

Some demonstrative embodiments are described herein with respect tocommunicating EDMG OFDM PPDUs. In other embodiments, one or more of theoperations and/or communications may be implemented with respect tocommunication of any other type of PPDUs.

In some demonstrative embodiments, support of the OFDM PHY, e.g., tocommunicate EDMG OFDM PPDUs, may be optional. For example, in somedemonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured tocommunicate the control mode PPDU, e.g., as described above; and tocommunicate EDMG OFDM PPDUs, e.g., as described below.

In other embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may support communicationof the control mode PPDUs, for example, even if EDMG OFDM PPDUs may notbe supported.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moretransmissions of the PPDUs, for example, by transmission over a 2.16 GHzbandwidth, a 4.32 GHz bandwidth, a 6.48 GHz bandwidth, a 8.64 GHzbandwidth, and/or any other bandwidth.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG PPDU format may include oneor more EDMG fields, for example, one or more fields of EDMG portion 220(FIG. 2 ), which may be intended for, e.g., receivable by and/ordecodable by, EDMG STAs, for example, only EDMG STAs.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may implementone or more elements and/or functionalities according to a transmitterarchitecture, which may be configured, for example, to transmit at leastEDMG PPDUs, for example, EDMG OFDM PPDUs, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture may beconfigured, for example, to generate and/or transmit an EDMG Single User(SU) PPDU and/or an EDMG Multi User (MU) PPDU, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture may beconfigured, for example, to perform transmission PPDUs, for example,over a 2.16 GHz channel, a 4.32 GHz channel, a 6.48 GHz channel, an 8.64GHz channel, and/or any other channel bandwidth, for example, usingN_(TX) transmit chains, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture may beconfigured, for example, to generate an EDMG PHY PPDU waveform for SUand/or MU transmission, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture may beconfigured, for example, based on the EDMG PPDU structure, e.g., asdescribed above with respect to FIG. 2 .

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture may beconfigured, for example, to provide a technical solution to allowsupporting transmission of an EDMG PPDU, for example, by generating awaveform, which may be configured to support one or more attributes ofan EDMG PPDU, for example, in terms of encoding, and/or generation ofEDMG fields, e.g., including EDMG-STF/CEF fields.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture mayinclude, for example, a scrambler, which may be configured to scramblethe data, e.g., of a Physical Layer Service Data Unit (PSDU) of thePPDU, for example, to reduce the probability of long sequences of 0s and1s, e.g., in accordance with an IEEE 802.11 Specification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture mayinclude, for example, a stream parser, which may be configured to dividethe output of the scrambler into groups of bits, which may be, forexample, sent to different encoders, e.g., LDPC encoders, and/or mappingcomponents. For example, the stream parser may divide the output of thescrambler into a plurality of sequences the bits (spatial streams),which may be sent to the different encoders, e.g., in accordance with anencoding scheme of an IEEE 802.11ay Specification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture mayinclude, for example, an encoder, e.g., an LDPC encoder or any otherencoder, which may be configured to encode the data, e.g., to enableerror correction. For example, the encoder may be configured toimplement bit padding, for example, to obtain an integer number ofcodewords and OFDM symbols, e.g., in accordance with an encoding schemeof an IEEE 802.11ay Specification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture mayinclude, for example, a constellation mapper, which may be configured tomap the sequence of bits in each stream to constellation points (e.g.,complex numbers), for example, in accordance with a modulation mappingscheme of an IEEE 802.11ay Specification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture mayinclude, for example, an interleaver, which may be configured to performinterleaving inside an OFDM symbol, for example, in accordance with ablock-interleaving scheme of an IEEE 802.11ay Specification, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture mayinclude, for example, a Space-Time Block Code (STBC) encoder, which maybe configured to spread constellation points from a first plurality ofspatial streams, e.g., N_(SS) spatial streams, into a second pluralityof space-time streams, e.g., N_(STS) space-time streams, for example, byusing a space-time block code. In one example, an OFDM mode may beconfigured to define, for example, a single STBC scheme with N_(SS)=1and N_(STS)=2, e.g., in accordance with an IEEE 802.11ay Specification.In other embodiments, any other encoding scheme may be used and/or anyother number of spatial streams and/or space-time streams may beimplemented.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture mayinclude, for example, a preamble builder, which may be configured tobuild symbols of one or more fields of the PPDU, e.g., EDMG-STF,EDMG-CEF and/or TRN fields, in a frequency domain, for example, inaccordance with an EDMG-STF definition and/or an EDMG-CEF definition,e.g., in accordance with in accordance with an IEEE 802.11aySpecification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture mayinclude, for example, a spatial mapper, which may be configured to mapspace-time streams to transmit chains.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the spatial mapping may be appliedper subcarrier basis, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the spatial mapping may include, forexample, a direct mapping, for example, in which constellation pointsfrom each space-time stream are mapped directly into the transmitchains, e.g., according to a one-to-one mapping.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the spatial mapping may include, forexample, an indirect mapping, for example, in which constellation pointsfrom each space-time stream are mapped to each transmit chain, e.g., thetotal number of space-time streams is equal to the total number oftransmit chains.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the spatial mapping may include, forexample, digital beamforming, for example, in which a vector, e.g., eachvector, of constellation points from all of the space-time streams ismultiplied by a matrix of steering vectors to produce the input to thetransmit chains.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture may beconfigured, for example, to implement a diversity scheme, for example, aCyclic Shift Diversity (CSD) scheme, to transmit the same signal overdifferent transmit chains, for example, with a cyclic shift.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the CSD insertion may be configured,for example, to prevent the transmission from unintentional beamforming.In one example, the cyclic shift may be specified per transmitter chain,for example, for a pre-EDMG portion of a PPDU transmission.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture may beconfigured, for example, to implement an Inverse Discrete FourierTransform (IDFT), for example, to apply an Inverse Discrete FourierTransform to the input block of subcarriers.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture mayinclude, for example, a Guard Interval (GI) inserter, which may beconfigured to prepend the OFDM symbol with a guard interval, which maybe defined, for example, as a cyclic extension of the OFDM symbol in atime domain, e.g., in accordance with in accordance with an IEEE802.11ay Specification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, encode, transmit, receive and/or process andEDMG PPDU, e.g., EDMG PPDU 200 (FIG. 2 ), as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, encode, transmit, receive and/or process apre-EDMG portion of an EDMG PPDU transmission, for example, according toa pre-EDMG transmission scheme, e.g., in accordance with an IEEE802.11ay Specification. In one example, fields of the pre-EDMG portionmay be transmitted, for example, according to a non-EDMG duplicateformat e.g., in accordance with an IEEE 802.11ay Specification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, the pre-EDMG portion ofthe EDMG PPDU may include, for example, fields of the non-EDMG portionof the EDMG format preamble and the EDMG-Header-A field of the EDMGportion of the EDMG format preamble. In one example, the pre-EDMGportion may include L-STF 202 (FIG. 2 ), L-CEF 204 (FIG. 2 ), L-header206 (FIG. 2 ), and/or EDMG Header A 208 (FIG. 2 ). In other embodiments,the pre-EDMG portion may be configured with any other fields.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, encode, transmit, receive and/or process an EDMGportion of the EDMG PPDU transmission, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, the EDMG portion mayinclude one or more fields, e.g., subsequent to the pre-EDMG portion.Fore example, the EDMG portion may include one or more of EDMG STF 212(FIG. 2 ), EDMG CEF 214 (FIG. 2 ), EDMG Header B 216 (FIG. 2 ), datafield 218 (FIG. 2 ), and/or TRN field 224 (FIG. 2 ).

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may implementa transmitter, e.g., transmitter 118 and/or transmitter 148, which mayinclude one or more blocks, elements, and/or modules configured togenerate the EDMG portion of the EDMG PPDU, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may implementa transmitter, e.g., transmitter 118 and/or transmitter 148, which mayinclude one or more blocks, elements, and/or modules configured togenerate the EDMG portion of a SU EDMG PPDU, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may implementa transmitter, e.g., transmitter 118 and/or transmitter 148, which mayinclude one or more blocks, elements, and/or modules configured togenerate the EDMG portion of a MU EDMG PPDU, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitters 118 and/or 148 mayimplement the transmitter architecture, which may be configured totransmit at least EDMG PPDUs, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 118 may be configured totransmit an EDMG OFDM PPDU via a plurality of transmit chains in achannel bandwidth over a frequency band above 45 GHz, e.g., as describedbelow.

In other embodiments, transmitter 118 may transmit the EDMG OFDM PPDUover any other frequency band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 118 may be configured totransmit the EDMG OFDM PPDU over a channel bandwidth of 2.16 GHz, 4.32GHz, 6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz, e.g., as described below.

In other embodiments, transmitter 118 may transmit the EDMG OFDM PPDUover any other channel bandwidth.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 118 may include, forexample, a constellation mapper, which may be configured to map aplurality of scrambled and encoded spatial bit streams into a respectiveplurality of spatial streams of constellation points, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the plurality of scrambled andencoded spatial bit streams may be based at least on a data field of theEDMG OFDM PPDU, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 118 may include, forexample, a symbol interleaver, which may be configured to interleaveconstellation points in the plurality of spatial streams ofconstellation points, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the interleaver may be configured tointerleave a plurality of symbols in an OFDM symbol data block for aspatial stream based, for example, at least on a count of 2.16 GHzchannels in a channel bandwidth for transmission of the EDMG OFDM PPDUand a number of the plurality of spatial streams, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the interleaver may be configured toimplement an OFDM interleaver scheme for vertical MIMO coding, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the interleaver may be implementedwith respect to one or more modulation schemes, for example, whileinterleaving may not be required for one or more other modulationschemes, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the interleaver may be implementedfor interleaving EDMG OFDM PPDUs modulated according to a 16 QuadratureAmplitude Modulation (QAM) scheme and/or a 64-QAM modulation scheme, forexample, to enhance the operation in frequency selective channels, e.g.,as described below.

In other embodiments, the interleaver may be implemented for any otheradditional or alternative type of modulation.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the OFDM symbol data block mayinclude a plurality of data symbols in an OFDM symbol of the spatialstream and the plurality of padded zeros, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the interleaver may be configured togenerate a permuted OFDM data block, for example, by permuting the OFDMdata block according to an array of permutation indexes, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the padded zeros at the first step,e.g., after permutation, may be discarded (punctured) to form the outputarray of length N_(SD).

In some demonstrative embodiments, the array of permutation indexes maybe based on a first permutation parameter and a second permutationparameter, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the first permutation parameter maybe based, for example, at least on the count of 2.16 GHz channels in thechannel bandwidth, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the second permutation parameter maybe based, for example, on a count of data subcarriers per OFDM symbol, acount of a plurality of padded zeros and the first permutationparameter, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the interleaver may be configured toperform symbol interleaving inside the OFDM symbol data block. Forexample, the interleaver may have a table structure of size Nx by Ny.The writing may be performed in row by row basis. The reading may beperformed in column by column basis.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, the parameter Nx may bechanged adaptively, for example, based on the effective codeword lengthassigned to the given spatial stream. The parameter Ny may be computed,for example, as (N_(SD)+N_(p))/Nx, where N_(SD) defines the number ofdata subcarriers per OFDM symbol and N_(p) is the number of padded zerobits, e.g., as described below. The zero bits may be padded to obtaininteger Nx and Ny values. The zero pad bits may be discarded after theoutput of interleaver. The interleaver N_(SD) symbols may be mapped tothe OFDM data subcarriers, e.g., as described below.

In other embodiments, the parameters Nx and/or Ny may be definedaccording to any other scheme and/or criteria.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the parameter N_(P) may be definedaccording to a channel bonding factor, denoted N_(CB), representing acount of 2.16 GHz channels in the channel bandwidth.

For example, N_(P) may be equal to 0, when N_(CB) is equal to 1; N_(P)may be equal to 34, when N_(CB) is equal to 2; N_(P) may be equal to 18,when N_(CB) is equal to 3; and/or N_(p) may be equal to 4, when N_(CB)is equal to 4. In other embodiments, any other definition of theparameter N_(P), e.g., based on the parameter N_(CB), may be used.

In other embodiments, the parameter N_(P) may be defined in any otherway.

For example, the parameter N_(P) may be defined based on N_(SD), forexample, as specified below in Table 1.

TABLE 1 N_(p) parameter definition N_(SD) 16-QAM 64-QAM 336 N_(p) = 0N_(p) = 0  734 N_(p) = 2 N_(p) = 10 1134 N_(p) = 2 N_(p) = 18 1532 N_(p)= 4 N_(p) = 4 

In some demonstrative embodiments, the interleaver may be configured toperform an interleaving inside the OFDM data block, denoted d_(in) ^((i)^(SS) ^(,q)), of length N_(SD)+N_(p), e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the interleaver may be configured topermute the OFDM data block, denoted d_(in) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)),corresponding to an OFDM symbol number q in an i_(SS)-th spatial stream,into a permuted OFDM symbol, denoted d_(out) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)), e.g.,as follows:d _(out) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q))=(d _(idx(0)) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) ,d _(idx(1))^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) , . . . ,d _(idx((N) _(SD) _(+N) _(p) ⁾⁻¹⁾ ^((i)^(SS) ^(,q)))wherein:d _(in) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q))=(d ₀ ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) ,d ₁ ^((i) ^(SS)^(,q)) , . . . ,d _(N) _(SD) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)),0₀,0₁, . . . ,0_(N) _(p)⁻¹)  (1)

wherein N_(SD) denotes the count of data subcarriers per OFDM symbol,N_(P) denotes the count of the plurality of padded zeros, and idx( )denotes a permutation index in the array of permutation indexes.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the array of permutation indexes,denoted idx, may be defined, e.g., as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{{{{idx}\left( {{j \times N_{x}} + i} \right)} = {{N_{y} \times i} + j}},{{{where}\mspace{14mu} i} = 0},1,\ldots\;,{{N_{x} - {1\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu} j}} = 0},1,\ldots\;,{N_{y} - 1}}{x = {\left( {\left( {N_{SD} + N_{p}} \right) \times {\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{{SS}\mspace{14mu} i_{user}}}\; N_{{BPSC}\mspace{14mu} i_{user}\mspace{14mu} i_{SS}}}} \right)\text{/}L_{{CW}\mspace{14mu} i_{user}}}}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

wherein:x<2.5×N _(CB) :N _(x)=2×N _(CB)2.5×N _(CB) ≤x<3.5×N _(CB) :N _(x)=3×N _(CB)3.5×N _(CB) ≤x<5×N _(CB) :N _(x)=4×N _(CB)5×N _(CB) ≤x<7×N _(CB) :N _(x)=6×N _(CB)7×N _(CB) ≤x<10×N _(CB) :N _(x)=8×N _(CB)10×N _(CB) ≤x<14×N _(CB) :N _(x)=12×N _(CB)14×N _(CB) ≤x<20×N _(CB) :N _(x)=16×N _(CB)x≥20×N _(CB) :N _(x)=24×N _(CB)wherein:N _(y)=(N _(SD) ±N _(p))/N _(x)

wherein N_(SD) denotes the count of data subcarriers per OFDM symbol,N_(CB) denotes the count of 2.16 GHz channels in the channel bandwidth,N_(P) denotes the count of the plurality of padded zeros, denotes acount of spatial streams for an i_(user)-th user, N_(BPSC i) _(user)_(i) _(SS) denotes a count of coded bits per constellation point for thei_(user)-th user and an i_(SS)-th spatial stream, and L_(CW i) _(user)denotes an LDPC codeword length for the i_(user)-th user.

In other embodiments, the array of permutation indexes may be definedaccording to one or more other schemes, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the array of permutation indexes idxmay be defined, for example, for 16-QAM modulation, for example,according to Equation 2, while using, for example, the followingdefinition for Nx:x≤3×N _(CB) :N _(x)=2×N _(CB)3×N _(CB) <x≤6×N _(CB) :N _(x)=4×N _(CB)6×N _(CB) <x≤12×N _(CB) :N _(x)=8×N _(CB)x>12×N _(CB) :N _(x)=16×N _(CB)

In some demonstrative embodiments, the array of permutation indexes idxmay be defined, for example, for 64-QAM modulation, for example,according to Equation 2, while using, for example, the followingdefinition for Nx:x≤4×N _(CB) :N _(x)=3×N _(CB)4×N _(CB) <x≤8×N _(CB) :N _(x)=6×N _(CB)8×N _(CB) <x≤16×N _(CB) :N _(x)=12×N _(CB)x>16×N _(CB) :N _(x)=24×N _(CB)

In some demonstrative embodiments, an OFDM interleaver for vertical MIMOcoding system may define a symbol interleaver for 16-QAM and 64-QAMmodulation. The interleaver may perform modulated complex symbolsinterleaving inside the OFDM symbol and the parameters of theinterleaver may depend on the N_(SD), N_(CB), N_(SS i) _(user) ,L_(CW i) _(user) , and N_(BPSC i) _(user) _(i) _(SS) parameters.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the input to the interleaver schemefor i_(SS)-th spatial stream may be an OFDM data block d_(in) ^((i)^(SS) ^(,q)) of length N_(SD) composed of 16-QAM or 64-QAM symbols:

d_(in) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q))=(d₀ ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)), d₁ ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)),0₀, 0₁, . . . , 0_(N) _(p) ⁻¹), where q denotes OFDM symbol number, q=0,1, . . . , N_(SYM)−1.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the interleaving may be performedinside the block of length N_(SD) N_(p), where N_(p) parameter may bespecified, e.g., as described above, and may define the number of zerospadded to the data block. The output of the interleaver scheme fori_(SS)-th spatial stream may be a permuted OFDM data block of the samelength defined, e.g., according to Equation 1.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the array of permutation indexes idxmay be constructed, e.g., according to Equation 2.

It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes ofillustration and are not meant to be limiting.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 118 may include, forexample, a preamble builder, which may be configured to build symbols ofan EDMG-STF and an EDMG-CEF in a frequency domain, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 118 may include, forexample, a spatial mapper, which may be configured to map the spatialstreams of constellation points and the symbols of the EDMG-STF andEDMG-CEF fields to a plurality of transmit chains for transmission ofthe EDMG OFDM PPDU, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 118 may include, forexample, a scrambler, which may be configured to generate scrambledbits, for example, by scrambling data bits of the data field of the EDMGOFDM PPDU, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 118 may include, forexample, an encoder, which may be configured to encode the scrambledbits into encoded bits according to an LDPC code, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 118 may include, forexample, a Space Time Block Code (STBC) encoder, which may be configuredto spread constellation points from the plurality of spatial streamsinto a plurality of space-time streams, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 118 may include, forexample, a TRN builder, which may be configured to build one or more TRNunits of the EDMG OFDM PPDU, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 118 may be configured totransmit an EDMG OFDM SU PPDU, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 118 may be configured totransmit an EDMG OFDM MU PPDU, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 118 may be configured toprocess a plurality of EDMG PPDU portions of the EDMG MU PPDU to betransmitted to a respective plurality of users, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the constellation mapper may beconfigured to map a plurality of scrambled and encoded spatial bitstreams for a user into a respective plurality of spatial streams ofconstellation points for the user, for example, when the PPDU includesthe MU PPDU, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the symbol interleaver may interleaveconstellation points in the plurality of spatial streams ofconstellation points for the user, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the spatial mapper may be configuredto map to the plurality of transmit chains a plurality of user spatialstreams, the plurality of user spatial streams including one or morespatial streams for each user of the plurality of users, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the plurality of scrambled andencoded spatial bit streams for the user may be based on bits of an EDMGHeader (EDMG Header B) for the user, e.g., EDMG-Header-B 216 (FIG. 2 ),and a data field for the user, e.g., data field 218 (FIG. 2 ), e.g., asdescribed below.

Reference is made to FIG. 5 , which schematically illustrates atransmitter architecture 500, in accordance with some demonstrativeembodiments.

For example, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may be configured to implementone or more elements and/or functionalities of transmitter architecture500.

For example, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may include circuitry and/orlogic configured to perform one or more functionalities and/oroperations of one or more elements of transmitter architecture 500.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter architecture 500 may beconfigured, for example, to generate and/or transmit an EDMG portion ofa SU PPDU transmission, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more elements of FIG. 5 may beimplemented by transmitter blocks to generate the EDMG portion of a SUPPDU.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, the EDMG-STF andEDMG-CEF fields and TRN units may be generated using, for example, apreamble builder block 502, an IDFT block 504, and a GI insertion block506.

For example, transmitter architecture 500 may include preamble builder502, which may be configured to build symbols of EDMG-STF 212 (FIG. 2 )and EDMG-CEF 214 (FIG. 2 ), e.g., in a frequency domain.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, the data part of thePPDU may be generated using, for example, a scrambler block 508, an LDPCencoder block 510, a constellation mapper block 512, an interleaverblock 514, an IDFT block 504, and a GI insertion block 506.

For example, transmitter architecture 500 may include scrambler 508,which may be configured to generate scrambled bits by scrambling databits of the data field of the EDMG OFDM PPDU, e.g., as described above.

For example, transmitter architecture 500 may include LDPC encoder 510,which may be configured to encode the scrambled bits into encoded bitsaccording to the LDPC code, e.g., as described above.

For example, transmitter architecture 500 may include constellationmapper 512, which may be configured to map a plurality of scrambled andencoded spatial bit streams into a respective plurality of spatialstreams of constellation points, e.g., as described above.

For example, transmitter architecture 500 may include interleaver 514,which may be configured to interleave constellation points in theplurality of spatial streams of constellation points, e.g., as describedabove.

In some demonstrative embodiments, interleaver 514 may interleave aplurality of symbols in an OFDM symbol data block for a spatial streambased at least on a count of 2.16 GHz channels in a channel bandwidthfor transmission of the EDMG OFDM PPDU and a number of the plurality ofspatial streams, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, interleaver 514 may be applied to oneor more types of modulations, for example, to 16-QAM and 64-QAMmodulations only. For example, the interleaver may not be implementedfor some types of modulations.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 5 , for example, ifan STBC encoder 539 is applied, then a single spatial stream may bemapped to two space-time streams, e.g., in accordance with an IEEE802.11ay Specification.

For example, the N_(STS) space-time streams 541 may be further mapped toN_(TX) transmit chains 543, where N_(STS)≤N_(TX).

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter architecture 500 mayinclude a spatial mapper 516, which may be configured to map the spatialstreams of constellation points and the symbols of the EDMG-STF 212(FIG. 2 ) and EDMG-CEF 214 (FIG. 2 ) fields to a plurality of transmitchains 543, for example, for transmission of the EDMG OFDM PPDU, e.g.,as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter architecture 500 mayinclude a TRN builder 518, which may be configured to build one or moreTRN units of the EDMG OFDM PPDU, e.g., as described above.

Reference is made to FIG. 6 , which schematically illustrates atransmitter architecture 600, in accordance with some demonstrativeembodiments.

For example, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may be configured to implementone or more elements and/or functionalities of transmitter architecture600.

For example, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may include circuitry and/orlogic configured to perform one or more functionalities and/oroperations of one or more elements of transmitter architecture 600.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter architecture 600 may beconfigured, for example, to generate and/or transmit an EDMG portion ofa MU PPDU transmission, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more elements of FIG. 6 may beimplemented by transmitter blocks to generate the EDMG portion of a MUPPDU.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, the EDMG-STF andEDMG-CEF fields and TRN units may be generated using, for example, apreamble builder block 602, an IDFT block 604, and a GI insertion block606.

For example, transmitter architecture 600 may include preamble builder602, which may be configured to build symbols of EDMG-STF 212 (FIG. 2 )and EDMG-CEF 214 (FIG. 2 ), e.g., in a frequency domain.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, the EDMG-Header-B anddata part of the PPDU may be generated using, for example, a scramblerblock 608, an LDPC encoder block 610, a constellation mapper block 612,an interleaver block 614, IDFT block 604, and GI insertion block 606.

For example, transmitter architecture 600 may include scrambler 608,which may be configured to generate scrambled bits by scrambling databits of the data field of the EDMG OFDM PPDU, e.g., as described above.

For example, transmitter architecture 600 may include LDPC encoder 610,which may be configured to encode the scrambled bits into encoded bitsaccording to the LDPC code, e.g., as described above.

For example, transmitter architecture 600 may include constellationmapper 612, which may be configured to map a plurality of scrambled andencoded spatial bit streams for a user into a respective plurality ofspatial streams of constellation points for the user, e.g., as describedabove.

For example, transmitter architecture 600 may include interleaver 614,which may be configured to interleave constellation points in theplurality of spatial streams of constellation points for the user, e.g.,as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, interleaver 614 may interleave aplurality of symbols in an OFDM symbol data block for a spatial streambased at least on a count of 2.16 GHz channels in a channel bandwidthfor transmission of the EDMG OFDM PPDU and a number of the plurality ofspatial streams, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, interleaver 614 may be applied to oneor more types of modulations, for example, to 16-QAM and 64-QAMmodulations only, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the PPDU encoding may use the seedvalue defined in the EDMG-Header-B and has independent flow per user.However, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may keep the common space-timestreams numeration over all users.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, if an STBC encoder 639is applied, then a single spatial stream may be mapped to two space-timestreams, e.g., in accordance with an IEEE 802.11ay Specification.

For example, the N_(STS) space-time streams 641 are further mapped toN_(TX) transmit chains 643, where N_(STS)≤N_(TX).

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter architecture 600 mayinclude a spatial mapper 616, which may be configured to map to aplurality of transmit chains 643 a plurality of user spatial streams641, the plurality of user spatial streams including, for example, oneor more spatial streams for each user of the plurality of users, e.g.,as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter architecture 600 mayinclude a TRN builder 618, which may be configured to build one or moreTRN units of the EDMG OFDM PPDU, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, LDPC encoding may be implementedbefore stream parsing, e.g., as discussed above with reference to FIGS.5 and 6 .

In other embodiments, the LDPC encoding may be implemented after thestream parsing, e.g., as discussed below with reference to FIGS. 7 and 8.

Reference is made to FIG. 7 , which schematically illustrates atransmitter architecture 700 configured, for example, to generate and/ortransmit an EDMG portion of a SU PPDU transmission, in accordance withsome demonstrative embodiments.

For example, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may be configured to implementone or more elements and/or functionalities of transmitter architecture700.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 7 , transmitterarchitecture 700 may include a scrambler 706, which may be configured togenerate scrambled bits by scrambling data bits of the data field of theEDMG OFDM PPDU, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 7 , transmitterarchitecture 700 may include an LDPC encoder 702, which may beconfigured to encode the scrambled bits into encoded bits according toan LDPC code, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 7 , transmitterarchitecture 700 may include a constellation mapper 708, which may beconfigured to map a plurality of scrambled and encoded spatial bitstreams into a respective plurality of spatial streams of constellationpoints, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 7 , transmitterarchitecture 700 may include an interleaver 710, which may be configuredto interleave constellation points in the plurality of spatial streamsof constellation points, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, interleaver 710 may be configured tointerleave a plurality of symbols in an OFDM symbol data block for aspatial stream based at least on a count of 2.16 GHz channels in achannel bandwidth for transmission of the EDMG OFDM PPDU and a number ofthe plurality of spatial streams, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 7 , transmitterarchitecture 700 may include an STBC encoder 716, which may beconfigured to spread constellation points from a plurality of spatialstreams 741 into a plurality of space-time streams 743, e.g., asdescribed above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 7 , transmitterarchitecture 700 may include a preamble builder 714, which may beconfigured to build symbols of EDMG-STF 212 (FIG. 2 ) and EDMG-CEF 214(FIG. 2 ), e.g., in a frequency domain.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 7 , transmitterarchitecture 700 may include a spatial mapper 712, which may beconfigured to map spatial streams 743 of constellation points and thesymbols of the EDMG-STF 212 (FIG. 2 ) and EDMG-CEF 214 (FIG. 2 ) fieldsto a plurality of transmit chains 745, for example, for transmission ofthe EDMG OFDM PPDU, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 7 , transmitterarchitecture 700 may include a TRN builder 718, which may be configuredto build one or more TRN units of the EDMG OFDM PPDU, e.g., as describedabove.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 7 , LDPC encoder 702may be implemented after a stream parser 704.

For example, as shown in FIG. 7 , transmitter architecture 700 mayinclude scrambler 706 to generate scrambled bits by scrambling bits of adata field in an EDMG portion of a PPDU; stream parser 704 to parse thescrambled bits into a plurality of scrambled bit streams in a respectiveplurality of spatial streams; one or more, e.g., a plurality of,encoders 702 to encode the plurality of scrambled bit streams into arespective plurality of encoded bit streams, e.g., according to a LDPCcode; one or more, e.g., a plurality of, constellation mappers 708 tomap the plurality of encoded bit streams into a respective plurality ofstreams of constellation points according to a constellation scheme; anSTBC encoder 716 to spread constellation points from the plurality ofspatial streams into a plurality of space-time streams; a preamblebuilder 714 to build symbols of one or more fields in the EDMG portionover the plurality of space-time streams; and/or a spatial mapper 712 tomap outputs of the preamble builder and the STBC encoder from theplurality of space-time streams to a plurality of transmit chains, e.g.,as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, as shown in FIG. 7 ,transmitter architecture 700 may include one or more, e.g., a pluralityof, interleavers 710 to interleave constellation points in the pluralityof streams of constellation points, respectively, e.g., as describedabove.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, as shown in FIG. 7 , theplurality of transmit chains 745 may include a respective plurality ofInverse Discrete Fourier Transforms (IDFT), e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, as shown in FIG. 7 , theplurality of transmit chains 745 may include a respective plurality ofGI inserters, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture 700 mayinclude some or all of the elements shown in FIG. 7 and/or one or moreelements may be optional and/or implemented in some configurations. Forexample, the STBC encoder may optionally be included, for example, whenSTBC is to be supported, e.g., as described above. For example, theinterleaver may be included, for example, for one or more modulationschemes, e.g., as described above.

Reference is made to FIG. 8 , which schematically illustrates atransmitter architecture 800 configured, for example, to generate and/ortransmit an EDMG portion of a MU PPDU transmission, in accordance withsome demonstrative embodiments.

For example, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may be configured to implementone or more elements and/or functionalities of transmitter architecture800.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 8 , transmitterarchitecture 800 may include a scrambler 806, which may be configured togenerate scrambled bits by scrambling data bits of the data field of theEDMG OFDM PPDU, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 8 , transmitterarchitecture 800 may include an LDPC encoder 802, which may beconfigured to encode the scrambled bits into encoded bits according toan LDPC code, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 8 , transmitterarchitecture 800 may include a constellation mapper 808, which may beconfigured to map a plurality of scrambled and encoded spatial bitstreams for a user into a respective plurality of spatial streams ofconstellation points for the user, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 8 , transmitterarchitecture 800 may include an interleaver 810, which may be configuredto interleave constellation points in the plurality of spatial streamsof constellation points for the user, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, interleaver 810 may be configured tointerleave a plurality of symbols in an OFDM symbol data block for aspatial stream based at least on a count of 2.16 GHz channels in achannel bandwidth for transmission of the EDMG OFDM PPDU and a number ofthe plurality of spatial streams, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 8 , transmitterarchitecture 800 may include an STBC encoder 816, which may beconfigured to spread constellation points from a plurality of spatialstreams 841 into a plurality of space-time streams 843, e.g., asdescribed above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 8 , transmitterarchitecture 800 may include a preamble builder 814, which may beconfigured to build symbols of EDMG-STF 212 (FIG. 2 ) and EDMG-CEF 214(FIG. 2 ), e.g., in a frequency domain.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 8 , transmitterarchitecture 800 may include a spatial mapper 812, which may beconfigured to map to a plurality of transmit chains 845 a plurality ofuser spatial streams 843, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, plurality of user spatial streams 843may include one or more spatial streams for each user of the pluralityof users, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 8 , transmitterarchitecture 800 may include a TRN builder 818, which may be configuredto build one or more TRN units of the EDMG OFDM PPDU, e.g., as describedabove.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 8 , LDPC encoder 802may be implemented after a stream parser 804.

For example, as shown in FIG. 8 , transmitter architecture 800 mayinclude a plurality of processing modules 803 to process a respectiveplurality of EDMG PPDU portions to be transmitted to a respectiveplurality of users.

For example, as shown in FIG. 8 , a processing module 803, e.g., eachprocessing module 803, to process an EDMG PPDU portion of the pluralityof EDMG PPDU portions may include a scrambler 806 to generate scrambledbits by scrambling bits of a header B field and a data field in the EDMGportion; a stream parser 804 to parse the scrambled bits into ascrambled bit streams in a respective plurality of spatial streams; oneor more, e.g., a plurality of, encoders 802 to encode the plurality ofscrambled bit streams into a respective plurality of encoded bitstreams, e.g., according to an LDPC code; one or more, e.g., a pluralityof, constellation mappers 808 to map the plurality of encoded bitstreams into a respective plurality of streams of constellation pointsaccording to a constellation scheme; an STBC encoder 816 to spreadconstellation points from the plurality of spatial streams into aplurality of space-time streams; and/or a preamble builder 814 to buildsymbols of one or more fields in the EDMG PPDU portion over theplurality of space-time streams, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 8 , the transmitterarchitecture 800 may include a spatial mapper 812 to map outputs of theplurality processing modules 803 to the plurality of transmit chains845, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter architecture 800 mayinclude some or all of the elements shown in FIG. 8 and/or one or moreelements may be optional and/or implemented in some configurations. Forexample, the STBC encoder may optionally be included, for example, whenSTBC is to be supported, e.g., as described above. For example, theinterleaver may be included, for example, for one or more modulationschemes, e.g., as described above.

Reference is made to FIG. 9 , which schematically illustrates a methodof transmitting a PPDU, in accordance with some demonstrativeembodiments. For example, one or more of the operations of the method ofFIG. 9 may be performed by one or more elements of a system, e.g.,system 100 (FIG. 1 ), for example, one or more wireless devices, e.g.,device 102 (FIG. 1 ), and/or device 140 (FIG. 1 ), a controller, e.g.,controller 124 (FIG. 1 ) and/or controller 154 (FIG. 1 ), a transmitter,e.g., transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ), and/or transmitter 148 (FIG. 1 ), aradio, e.g., radio 114 (FIG. 1 ) and/or radio 144 (FIG. 1 ), and/or amessage processor, e.g., message processor 128 (FIG. 1 ) and/or messageprocessor 158 (FIG. 1 ).

As indicated at block 902, the method may include building modulatedGolay sequences for at least an L-STF, and an L-CEF of a PPDU. Forexample, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may include Golay builder 302 (FIG. 3) or Golay builder 402 (FIG. 4 ) configured to build modulated Golaysequences for at least L-STF 202 (FIG. 2 ), and L-CEF 204 (FIG. 2 ) ofthe EDMG PPDU 200 (FIG. 2 ), e.g., as described above.

As indicated at block 904, the method may include generating scrambledbits by scrambling bits of a non-EDMG header (L-header) and a data fieldof the PPDU. For example, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may includescrambler 304 (FIG. 3 ) or scrambler 404 (FIG. 4 ) configured togenerate scrambled bits by scrambling bits of L-header 206 (FIG. 2 ) anda data field 218 (FIG. 2 ) of EDMG PPDU 200 (FIG. 2 ), e.g., asdescribed above.

As indicated at block 906, the method may include encoding the scrambledbits into encoded bits according to an LDPC code. For example,transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may include LDPC encoder 306 (FIG. 3 ) or LDPCencoder 406 (FIG. 4 ) configured to encode the scrambled bits intoencoded bits according to the LDPC code, e.g., as described above.

As indicated at block 908, the method may include mapping the encodedbits into a stream of constellation points according to a constellationscheme. For example, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may include constellationmapper 308 (FIG. 3 ) or constellation mapper 408 (FIG. 4 ) configured tomap the encoded bits into the stream of constellation points accordingto the constellation scheme, e.g., as described above.

As indicated at block 910, the method may include spreading the streamof constellation points according to a Golay sequence. For example,transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may include spreader 310 (FIG. 3 ) or spreader410 (FIG. 4 ) configured to spread the stream of constellation pointsaccording to the Golay sequence, e.g., as described above.

As indicated at block 912, the method may include mapping an encoded andmodulated bit stream output, including the modulated Golay sequences anda spread stream of constellation points, to a plurality of transmitchains by applying a spatial expansion with relative cyclic shift overthe plurality of transmit chains. For example, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 )may include transmit chain mapper 312 (FIG. 3 ) or transmit chain mapper472 (FIG. 4 ) configured to map the bit stream output from Golay builder302 (FIG. 3 ) or Golay builder 402 (FIG. 4 ) and spreader 310 (FIG. 3 )or spreader 410 (FIG. 4 ) to the plurality of transmit chains byapplying the spatial expansion with relative cyclic shift over theplurality of transmit chains, e.g., as described above.

Reference is made to FIG. 10 , which schematically illustrates a methodof transmitting a PPDU, in accordance with some demonstrativeembodiments. For example, one or more of the operations of the method ofFIG. 10 may be performed by one or more elements of a system, e.g.,system 100 (FIG. 1 ), for example, one or more wireless devices, e.g.,device 102 (FIG. 1 ), and/or device 140 (FIG. 1 ), a controller, e.g.,controller 124 (FIG. 1 ) and/or controller 154 (FIG. 1 ), a transmitter,e.g., transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ), and/or transmitter 148 (FIG. 1 ), aradio, e.g., radio 114 (FIG. 1 ) and/or radio 144 (FIG. 1 ), and/or amessage processor, e.g., message processor 128 (FIG. 1 ) and/or messageprocessor 158 (FIG. 1 ).

As indicated at block 1002, the method may include mapping a pluralityof scrambled and encoded spatial bit streams into a respective pluralityof spatial streams of constellation points. For example, transmitter 118(FIG. 1 ) may include constellation mapper 512 (FIG. 5 ) orconstellation mapper 612 (FIG. 6 ) configured to map the plurality ofscrambled and encoded spatial bit streams into the respective pluralityof spatial streams of constellation points, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the plurality of scrambled andencoded spatial bit streams may be based at least on a data field of theEDMG OFDM PPDU, e.g., as described above.

As indicated at block 1004, the method may include interleavingconstellation points in the plurality of spatial streams ofconstellation points. For example, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may includeinterleaver 514 (FIG. 5 ) or interleaver 614 (FIG. 6 ) configured tointerleave constellation points in the plurality of spatial streams ofconstellation points, e.g., as described above.

As indicated at block 1006, interleaving constellation points mayinclude interleaving a plurality of symbols in an OFDM symbol data blockfor a spatial stream based at least on a count of 2.16 GHz channels in achannel bandwidth for transmission of the EDMG OFDM PPDU and a number ofthe plurality of spatial streams. For example, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 )may include interleaver 514 (FIG. 5 ) or interleaver 614 (FIG. 6 )configured to interleave the plurality of symbols in the OFDM symboldata block for the spatial stream based at least on the count of 2.16GHz channels in the channel bandwidth for transmission of the EDMG OFDMPPDU and the number of the plurality of spatial streams, e.g., asdescribed above.

As indicated at block 1008, the method may include building symbols ofan EDMG-STF and an EDMG-CEF in a frequency domain. For example,transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may include preamble builder 502 (FIG. 5 ) orpreamble builder 602 (FIG. 6 ) configured to build symbols of theEDMG-STF and the EDMG-CEF in the frequency domain, e.g., as describedabove.

As indicated at block 1010, the method may include mapping the spatialstreams of constellation points and the symbols of the EDMG-STF andEDMG-CEF fields to a plurality of transmit chains for transmission ofthe EDMG OFDM PPDU. For example, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may includespatial mapper 516 (FIG. 5 ) or spatial mapper 616 (FIG. 6 ) configuredto map the spatial streams of the constellation points and the symbolsof the EDMG-STF 212 (FIG. 2 ) and EDMG-CEF 214 (FIG. 2 ) fields to theplurality of transmit chains for transmission of the EDMG OFDM PPDU,e.g., as described above.

Reference is made to FIG. 11 , which schematically illustrates a productof manufacture 1100, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.Product 1100 may include one or more tangible computer-readable(“machine-readable”) non-transitory storage media 1102, which mayinclude computer-executable instructions, e.g., implemented by logic1104, operable to, when executed by at least one computer processor,enable the at least one computer processor to implement one or moreoperations at device 102 (FIG. 1 ), device 140 (FIG. 1 ), radio 114(FIG. 1 ), radio 144 (FIG. 1 ), transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ), transmitter148 (FIG. 1 ), receiver 116 (FIG. 1 ), receiver 146 (FIG. 1 ), messageprocessor 128 (FIG. 1 ), message processor 158 (FIG. 1 ), controller 124(FIG. 1 ), and/or controller 154 (FIG. 1 ), to cause device 102 (FIG. 1), device 140 (FIG. 1 ), radio 114 (FIG. 1 ), radio 144 (FIG. 1 ),transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ), transmitter 148 (FIG. 1 ), receiver 116 (FIG.1 ), receiver 146 (FIG. 1 ), message processor 128 (FIG. 1 ), messageprocessor 158 (FIG. 1 ), controller 124 (FIG. 1 ), and/or controller 154(FIG. 1 ) to perform, trigger and/or implement one or more operationsand/or functionalities, and/or to perform, trigger and/or implement oneor more operations and/or functionalities described with reference tothe FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 , and/or 10, and/or one or moreoperations described herein. The phrases “non-transitorymachine-readable medium” and “computer-readable non-transitory storagemedia” may be directed to include all computer-readable media, with thesole exception being a transitory propagating signal.

In some demonstrative embodiments, product 1100 and/or machine readablestorage media 1102 may include one or more types of computer-readablestorage media capable of storing data, including volatile memory,non-volatile memory, removable or non-removable memory, erasable ornon-erasable memory, writeable or re-writeable memory, and the like. Forexample, machine readable storage media 1102 may include, RAM, DRAM,Double-Data-Rate DRAM (DDR-DRAM), SDRAM, static RAM (SRAM), ROM,programmable ROM (PROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electricallyerasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), Compact Disk ROM (CD-ROM), CompactDisk Recordable (CD-R), Compact Disk Rewriteable (CD-RW), flash memory(e.g., NOR or NAND flash memory), content addressable memory (CAM),polymer memory, phase-change memory, ferroelectric memory,silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS) memory, a disk, a floppydisk, a hard drive, an optical disk, a magnetic disk, a card, a magneticcard, an optical card, a tape, a cassette, and the like. Thecomputer-readable storage media may include any suitable media involvedwith downloading or transferring a computer program from a remotecomputer to a requesting computer carried by data signals embodied in acarrier wave or other propagation medium through a communication link,e.g., a modem, radio or network connection.

In some demonstrative embodiments, logic 1104 may include instructions,data, and/or code, which, if executed by a machine, may cause themachine to perform a method, process and/or operations as describedherein. The machine may include, for example, any suitable processingplatform, computing platform, computing device, processing device,computing system, processing system, computer, processor, or the like,and may be implemented using any suitable combination of hardware,software, firmware, and the like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, logic 1104 may include, or may beimplemented as, software, a software module, an application, a program,a subroutine, instructions, an instruction set, computing code, words,values, symbols, and the like. The instructions may include any suitabletype of code, such as source code, compiled code, interpreted code,executable code, static code, dynamic code, and the like. Theinstructions may be implemented according to a predefined computerlanguage, manner or syntax, for instructing a processor to perform acertain function. The instructions may be implemented using any suitablehigh-level, low-level, object-oriented, visual, compiled and/orinterpreted programming language, such as C, C++, Java, BASIC, Matlab,Pascal, Visual BASIC, assembly language, machine code, and the like.

EXAMPLES

The following examples pertain to further embodiments.

Example 1 includes an apparatus of a Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol DataUnit (PPDU) transmitter, the apparatus comprising a Golay builder tobuild modulated Golay sequences for at least a non Enhanced DirectionalMulti-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) (non-EDMG) Short Training Field (L-STF), anda non-EDMG Channel Estimation Field (L-CEF) of the PPDU; a scrambler togenerate scrambled bits by scrambling bits of a non-EDMG header(L-header) and a data field of the PPDU; an encoder to encode thescrambled bits into encoded bits according to a low-density parity-check(LDPC) code; a constellation mapper to map the encoded bits into astream of constellation points according to a constellation scheme; aspreader to spread the stream of constellation points according to aGolay sequence; and a transmit chain mapper to map a bit stream outputfrom the Golay builder and the spreader to a plurality of transmitchains by applying a spatial expansion with relative cyclic shift overthe plurality of transmit chains.

Example 2 includes the subject matter of Example 1, and optionally,comprising one or more cyclic shifters to apply a Cyclic Shift Diversity(CSD) between the plurality of transmit chains.

Example 3 includes the subject matter of Example 1 or 2, and optionally,wherein the Golay builder is configured to build one or more Training(TRN) units of the PPDU.

Example 4 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-3, andoptionally, wherein the PPDU comprises a non-EDMG PPDU decodable by oneor more non-EDMG stations, which are DMG stations.

Example 5 includes the subject matter of Example 4, and optionally,wherein the relative cyclic shift is to be applied to one or moreTraining (TRN) units of the PPDU.

Example 6 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-3, andoptionally, wherein the PPDU comprises an EDMG PPDU comprising at leastan EDMG Header (EDMG Header A) decodable by EDMG stations.

Example 7 includes the subject matter of Example 6, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to map the L-CEF, the L-STF, theL-Header, the EDMG Header A, and the data field of the EDMG PPDU to theplurality of transmit chains with the relative cyclic shift, and to mapone or more Training (TRN) units of the EDMG PPDU to the plurality oftransmit chains without the relative cyclic shift.

Example 8 includes the subject matter of Example 6 or 7, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to map to each transmit chain itsown Training (TRN) unit.

Example 9 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 6-8, andoptionally, wherein the scrambler is to generate the scrambled bits byscrambling bits of the EDMG Header A.

Example 10 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-9, andoptionally, wherein the Golay builder is to build π/2 Binary Phase ShiftKeying (BPSK) modulated Golay sequences comprising the L-STF and L-CEF.

Example 11 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-10, andoptionally, wherein the spreader is to spread the stream ofconstellation points according to a Golay sequence of length 32.

Example 12 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-11, andoptionally, wherein the PPDU comprises a control mode PPDU.

Example 13 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-12, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to transmit the PPDU viathe plurality of transmit chains in a channel bandwidth over a frequencyband above 45 Gigahertz (GHz).

Example 14 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-13, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to transmit the PPDUover a channel bandwidth of 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz), 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, or8.64 GHz.

Example 15 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-14, andoptionally, comprising one or more antennas, a memory, and a processor.

Example 16 includes a system of wireless communication comprising awireless communication station, the wireless communication stationcomprising one or more antennas; a memory; a processor; and a PhysicalLayer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) transmitter comprising a Golaybuilder to build modulated Golay sequences for at least a non EnhancedDirectional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) (non-EDMG) Short Training Field(L-STF), and a non-EDMG Channel Estimation Field (L-CEF) of the PPDU; ascrambler to generate scrambled bits by scrambling bits of a non-EDMGheader (L-header) and a data field of the PPDU; an encoder to encode thescrambled bits into encoded bits according to a low-density parity-check(LDPC) code; a constellation mapper to map the encoded bits into astream of constellation points according to a constellation scheme; aspreader to spread the stream of constellation points according to aGolay sequence; and a transmit chain mapper to map a bit stream outputfrom the Golay builder and the spreader to a plurality of transmitchains by applying a spatial expansion with relative cyclic shift overthe plurality of transmit chains.

Example 17 includes the subject matter of Example 16, and optionally,wherein the transmitter comprises one or more cyclic shifters to apply aCyclic Shift Diversity (CSD) between the plurality of transmit chains.

Example 18 includes the subject matter of Example 16 or 17, andoptionally, wherein the Golay builder is configured to build one or moreTraining (TRN) units of the PPDU.

Example 19 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 16-18, andoptionally, wherein the PPDU comprises a non-EDMG PPDU decodable by oneor more non-EDMG stations, which are DMG stations.

Example 20 includes the subject matter of Example 19, and optionally,wherein the relative cyclic shift is to be applied to one or moreTraining (TRN) units of the PPDU.

Example 21 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 16-18, andoptionally, wherein the PPDU comprises an EDMG PPDU comprising at leastan EDMG Header (EDMG Header A) decodable by EDMG stations.

Example 22 includes the subject matter of Example 21, and optionally,wherein the transmitter is configured to map the L-CEF, the L-STF, theL-Header, the EDMG Header A, and the data field of the EDMG PPDU to theplurality of transmit chains with the relative cyclic shift, and to mapone or more Training (TRN) units of the EDMG PPDU to the plurality oftransmit chains without the relative cyclic shift.

Example 23 includes the subject matter of Example 21 or 22, andoptionally, wherein the transmitter is configured to map to eachtransmit chain its own Training (TRN) unit.

Example 24 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 21-23, andoptionally, wherein the scrambler is to generate the scrambled bits byscrambling bits of the EDMG Header A.

Example 25 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 16-24, andoptionally, wherein the Golay builder is to build it/2 Binary PhaseShift Keying (BPSK) modulated Golay sequences comprising the L-STF andL-CEF.

Example 26 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 16-25, andoptionally, wherein the spreader is to spread the stream ofconstellation points according to a Golay sequence of length 32.

Example 27 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 16-26, andoptionally, wherein the PPDU comprises a control mode PPDU.

Example 28 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 16-27, andoptionally, wherein the transmitter is configured to transmit the PPDUvia the plurality of transmit chains in a channel bandwidth over afrequency band above 45 Gigahertz (GHz).

Example 29 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 16-28, andoptionally, wherein the transmitter is configured to transmit the PPDUover a channel bandwidth of 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz), 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, or8.64 GHz.

Example 30 includes a method to be performed at a Physical Layer (PHY)Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) transmitter, the method comprising buildingmodulated Golay sequences for at least a non Enhanced DirectionalMulti-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) (non-EDMG) Short Training Field (L-STF), anda non-EDMG Channel Estimation Field (L-CEF) of the PPDU; generatingscrambled bits by scrambling bits of a non-EDMG header (L-header) and adata field of the PPDU; encoding the scrambled bits into encoded bitsaccording to a low-density parity-check (LDPC) code; mapping the encodedbits into a stream of constellation points according to a constellationscheme; spreading the stream of constellation points into a spreadstream of constellation points according to a Golay sequence; andmapping an encoded and modulated bit stream, comprising the modulatedGolay sequences and the spread stream of constellation points, to aplurality of transmit chains by applying a spatial expansion withrelative cyclic shift over the plurality of transmit chains.

Example 31 includes the subject matter of Example 30, and optionally,comprising applying a Cyclic Shift Diversity (CSD) between the pluralityof transmit chains.

Example 32 includes the subject matter of Example 30 or 31, andoptionally, comprising building one or more Training (TRN) units of thePPDU.

Example 33 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 30-32, andoptionally, wherein the PPDU comprises a non-EDMG PPDU decodable by oneor more non-EDMG stations, which are DMG stations.

Example 34 includes the subject matter of Example 33, and optionally,comprising applying the relative cyclic shift to one or more Training(TRN) units of the PPDU.

Example 35 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 30-32, andoptionally, wherein the PPDU comprises an EDMG PPDU comprising at leastan EDMG Header (EDMG Header A) decodable by EDMG stations.

Example 36 includes the subject matter of Example 35, and optionally,comprising mapping the L-CEF, the L-STF, the L-Header, the EDMG HeaderA, and the data field of the EDMG PPDU to the plurality of transmitchains with the relative cyclic shift, and mapping one or more Training(TRN) units of the EDMG PPDU to the plurality of transmit chains withoutthe relative cyclic shift.

Example 37 includes the subject matter of Example 35 or 36, andoptionally, comprising mapping to each transmit chain its own Training(TRN) unit.

Example 38 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 35-37, andoptionally, comprising generating the scrambled bits by scrambling bitsof the EDMG Header A.

Example 39 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 30-38, andoptionally, comprising building it/2 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)modulated Golay sequences comprising the L-STF and L-CEF.

Example 40 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 30-39, andoptionally, comprising spreading the stream of constellation pointsaccording to a Golay sequence of length 32.

Example 41 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 30-40, andoptionally, wherein the PPDU comprises a control mode PPDU.

Example 42 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 30-41, andoptionally, comprising transmitting the PPDU via the plurality oftransmit chains in a channel bandwidth over a frequency band above 45Gigahertz (GHz).

Example 43 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 30-42, andoptionally, comprising transmitting the PPDU over a channel bandwidth of2.16 Gigahertz (GHz), 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 44 includes a product comprising one or more tangiblecomputer-readable non-transitory storage media comprisingcomputer-executable instructions operable to, when executed by at leastone processor, enable the at least one processor to cause a PhysicalLayer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) transmitter to build modulatedGolay sequences for at least a non Enhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit(DMG) (EDMG) (non-EDMG) Short Training Field (L-STF), and a non-EDMGChannel Estimation Field (L-CEF) of the PPDU; generate scrambled bits byscrambling bits of a non-EDMG header (L-header) and a data field of thePPDU; encode the scrambled bits into encoded bits according to alow-density parity-check (LDPC) code; map the encoded bits into a streamof constellation points according to a constellation scheme; spread thestream of constellation points into a spread stream of constellationpoints according to a Golay sequence; and map an encoded and modulatedbit stream, comprising the modulated Golay sequences and the spreadstream of constellation points, to a plurality of transmit chains byapplying a spatial expansion with relative cyclic shift over theplurality of transmit chains.

Example 45 includes the subject matter of Example 44, and optionally,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the transmitter to applya Cyclic Shift Diversity (CSD) between the plurality of transmit chains.

Example 46 includes the subject matter of Example 44 or 45, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause thetransmitter to build one or more Training (TRN) units of the PPDU.

Example 47 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 44-46, andoptionally, wherein the PPDU comprises a non-EDMG PPDU decodable by oneor more non-EDMG stations, which are DMG stations.

Example 48 includes the subject matter of Example 47, and optionally,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the transmitter to applythe relative cyclic shift to one or more Training (TRN) units of thePPDU.

Example 49 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 44-46, andoptionally, wherein the PPDU comprises an EDMG PPDU comprising at leastan EDMG Header (EDMG Header A) decodable by EDMG stations.

Example 50 includes the subject matter of Example 49, and optionally,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the transmitter to mapthe L-CEF, the L-STF, the L-Header, the EDMG Header A, and the datafield of the EDMG PPDU to the plurality of transmit chains with therelative cyclic shift, and to map one or more Training (TRN) units ofthe EDMG PPDU to the plurality of transmit chains without the relativecyclic shift.

Example 51 includes the subject matter of Example 49 or 50, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause thetransmitter to map to each transmit chain its own Training (TRN) unit.

Example 52 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 49-51, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause thetransmitter to generate the scrambled bits by scrambling bits of theEDMG Header A.

Example 53 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 44-52, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause thetransmitter to build π/2 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulatedGolay sequences comprising the L-STF and L-CEF.

Example 54 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 44-53, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause thetransmitter to spread the stream of constellation points according to aGolay sequence of length 32.

Example 55 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 44-54, andoptionally, wherein the PPDU comprises a control mode PPDU.

Example 56 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 44-55, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause thetransmitter to transmit the PPDU via the plurality of transmit chains ina channel bandwidth over a frequency band above 45 Gigahertz (GHz).

Example 57 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 44-56, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause thetransmitter to transmit the PPDU over a channel bandwidth of 2.16Gigahertz (GHz), 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 58 includes an apparatus of wireless communication by a PhysicalLayer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) transmitter, the apparatuscomprising means for building modulated Golay sequences for at least anon Enhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) (non-EDMG) ShortTraining Field (L-STF), and a non-EDMG Channel Estimation Field (L-CEF)of the PPDU; means for generating scrambled bits by scrambling bits of anon-EDMG header (L-header) and a data field of the PPDU; means forencoding the scrambled bits into encoded bits according to a low-densityparity-check (LDPC) code; means for mapping the encoded bits into astream of constellation points according to a constellation scheme;means for spreading the stream of constellation points into a spreadstream of constellation points according to a Golay sequence; and meansfor mapping an encoded and modulated bit stream, comprising themodulated Golay sequences and the spread stream of constellation points,to a plurality of transmit chains by applying a spatial expansion withrelative cyclic shift over the plurality of transmit chains.

Example 59 includes the subject matter of Example 58, and optionally,comprising means for applying a Cyclic Shift Diversity (CSD) between theplurality of transmit chains.

Example 60 includes the subject matter of Example 58 or 59, andoptionally, comprising means for building one or more Training (TRN)units of the PPDU.

Example 61 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 58-60, andoptionally, wherein the PPDU comprises a non-EDMG PPDU decodable by oneor more non-EDMG stations, which are DMG stations.

Example 62 includes the subject matter of Example 61, and optionally,comprising means for applying the relative cyclic shift to one or moreTraining (TRN) units of the PPDU.

Example 63 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 58-60, andoptionally, wherein the PPDU comprises an EDMG PPDU comprising at leastan EDMG Header (EDMG Header A) decodable by EDMG stations.

Example 64 includes the subject matter of Example 63, and optionally,comprising means for mapping the L-CEF, the L-STF, the L-Header, theEDMG Header A, and the data field of the EDMG PPDU to the plurality oftransmit chains with the relative cyclic shift, and mapping one or moreTraining (TRN) units of the EDMG PPDU to the plurality of transmitchains without the relative cyclic shift.

Example 65 includes the subject matter of Example 63 or 64, andoptionally, comprising means for mapping to each transmit chain its ownTraining (TRN) unit.

Example 66 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 63-65, andoptionally, comprising means for generating the scrambled bits byscrambling bits of the EDMG Header A.

Example 67 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 58-66, andoptionally, comprising means for building it/2 Binary Phase Shift Keying(BPSK) modulated Golay sequences comprising the L-STF and L-CEF.

Example 68 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 58-67, andoptionally, comprising means for spreading the stream of constellationpoints according to a Golay sequence of length 32.

Example 69 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 58-68, andoptionally, wherein the PPDU comprises a control mode PPDU.

Example 70 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 58-69, andoptionally, comprising means for transmitting the PPDU via the pluralityof transmit chains in a channel bandwidth over a frequency band above 45Gigahertz (GHz).

Example 71 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 58-70, andoptionally, comprising means for transmitting the PPDU over a channelbandwidth of 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz), 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 72 includes an apparatus of an Enhanced DirectionalMulti-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) transmitter, theapparatus comprising a constellation mapper to map a plurality ofscrambled and encoded spatial bit streams into a respective plurality ofspatial streams of constellation points, the plurality of scrambled andencoded spatial bit streams based at least on a data field of the EDMGOFDM PPDU; a symbol interleaver to interleave constellation points inthe plurality of spatial streams of constellation points, theinterleaver to interleave a plurality of symbols in an OFDM symbol datablock for a spatial stream based at least on a count of 2.16 Gigahertz(GHz) channels in a channel bandwidth for transmission of the EDMG OFDMPPDU and a count of the plurality of spatial streams; a preamble builderto build symbols of an EDMG Short Training Field (EDMG-STF) and an EDMGChannel Estimation Field (EDMG-CEF) in a frequency domain; and a spatialmapper to map the spatial streams of constellation points and thesymbols of the EDMG-STF and EDMG-CEF fields to a plurality of transmitchains for transmission of the EDMG OFDM PPDU.

Example 73 includes the subject matter of Example 72, and optionally,wherein the OFDM symbol data block comprises a plurality of data symbolsin an OFDM symbol of the spatial stream and a plurality of padded zeros.

Example 74 includes the subject matter of Example 73, and optionally,wherein the interleaver is to generate a permuted OFDM data block bypermuting the OFDM data block according to an array of permutationindexes, the array of permutation indexes is based on a firstpermutation parameter and a second permutation parameter, the firstpermutation parameter is based at least on the count of 2.16 GHzchannels in the channel bandwidth, the second permutation parameter isbased on a count of data subcarriers per OFDM symbol, a count of theplurality of padded zeros and the first permutation parameter.

Example 75 includes the subject matter of Example 74, and optionally,wherein the interleaver is to permute an OFDM data block, denoted d_(in)^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)), corresponding to an OFDM symbol number q in ani_(SS)-th spatial stream, into a permuted OFDM symbol, denoted d_(out)^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)), as follows:d _(out) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q))=(d _(idx(0)) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) ,d _(idx(1))^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) , . . . ,d _(idx((N) _(SD) _(+N) _(p) ⁾⁻¹⁾ ^((i)^(SS) ^(,q)))wherein:d _(in) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q))=(d ₀ ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) ,d ₁ ^((i) ^(SS)^(,q)) , . . . ,d _(N) _(SD) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)),0₀,0₁, . . . ,0_(N) _(p)⁻¹)

wherein N_(SD) denotes the count of data subcarriers per OFDM symbol,N_(P) denotes the count of the plurality of padded zeros, and idx( )denotes a permutation index in the array of permutation indexes.

Example 76 includes the subject matter of Example 74 or 75, andoptionally, wherein the array of permutation indexes, denoted idx, isdefined as follows:

idx(j × N_(x) + i) = N_(y) × i + j, where  i = 0, 1, … , N_(x) − 1  and  j = 0, 1, … , N_(y) − 1$x = {\left( {\left( {N_{SD} + N_{p}} \right) \times {\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{{SS}\mspace{14mu} i_{user}}}\; N_{{BPSC}\mspace{14mu} i_{user}\mspace{14mu} i_{SS}}}} \right)\text{/}L_{{CW}\mspace{14mu} i_{user}}}$x<2.5×N _(CB) :N _(x)=2×N _(CB)2.5×N _(CB) ≤x<3.5×N _(CB) :N _(x)=3×N _(CB)3.5×N _(CB) ≤x<5×N _(CB) :N _(x)=4×N _(CB)5×N _(CB) ≤x<7×N _(CB) :N _(x)=6×N _(CB)7×N _(CB) ≤x<10×N _(CB) :N _(x)=8×N _(CB)10×N _(CB) ≤x<14×N _(CB) :N _(x)=12×N _(CB)14×N _(CB) ≤x<20×N _(CB) :N _(x)=16×N _(CB)x≥20×N _(CB) :N _(x)=24×N _(CB)wherein:N _(y)=(N _(SD) ±N _(p))/N _(x)

-   -   wherein N_(SD) denotes the count of data subcarriers per OFDM        symbol, N_(CB) denotes the count of 2.16 GHz channels in the        channel bandwidth, N_(P) denotes the count of the plurality of        padded zeros, N_(SS i) _(user) denotes a count of spatial        streams for an i_(user)-th user, N_(BPSC i) _(user) _(i) _(SS)        denotes a count of coded bits per constellation point for the        i_(user)-th user and an i_(SS)-th spatial stream, and L_(CW i)        _(user) denotes a low-density parity-check (LDPC) codeword        length for the i_(user)-th user.

Example 77 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 72-76, andoptionally, wherein the plurality of symbols in the OFDM symbol datablock comprise 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) or 64-QAMsymbols.

Example 78 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 72-77, andoptionally, comprising a scrambler to generate scrambled bits byscrambling data bits of the data field of the EDMG OFDM PPDU, and anencoder to encode the scrambled bits into encoded bits according to alow-density parity-check (LDPC) code.

Example 79 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 72-78, andoptionally, comprising a Space Time Block Code (STBC) encoder to spreadconstellation points from the plurality of spatial streams into aplurality of space-time streams.

Example 80 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 72-79, andoptionally, comprising a Training (TRN) builder to build one or more TRNunits of the EDMG OFDM PPDU.

Example 81 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 72-80, andoptionally, wherein the PPDU comprises a Single User (SU) PPDU.

Example 82 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 72-80, andoptionally, wherein the PPDU comprises a Multi User (MU) PPDU.

Example 83 includes the subject matter of Example 82, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to process a plurality of EDMG PPDUportions of the EDMG MU PPDU to be transmitted to a respective pluralityof users, the constellation mapper to map a plurality of scrambled andencoded spatial bit streams for a user into a respective plurality ofspatial streams of constellation points for the user, the symbolinterleaver to interleave constellation points in the plurality ofspatial streams of constellation points for the user, the spatial mapperto map to the plurality of transmit chains a plurality of user spatialstreams, the plurality of user spatial streams comprising one or morespatial streams for each user of the plurality of users.

Example 84 includes the subject matter of Example 83, and optionally,wherein the plurality of scrambled and encoded spatial bit streams forthe user are based on bits of an EDMG Header (EDMG Header B) for theuser and a data field for the user.

Example 85 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 72-84, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to transmit the EDMGOFDM PPDU via the plurality of transmit chains in the channel bandwidthover a frequency band above 45 GHz.

Example 86 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 72-85, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to transmit the EDMGOFDM PPDU over a channel bandwidth of 2.16 GHz, 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, or8.64 GHz.

Example 87 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 72-86, andoptionally, comprising one or more antennas, a memory, and a processor.

Example 88 includes a system of wireless communication comprising awireless communication station, the wireless communication stationcomprising one or more antennas; a memory; a processor; and an EnhancedDirectional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiplexing (OFDM) Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU)transmitter comprising a constellation mapper to map a plurality ofscrambled and encoded spatial bit streams into a respective plurality ofspatial streams of constellation points, the plurality of scrambled andencoded spatial bit streams based at least on a data field of the EDMGOFDM PPDU; a symbol interleaver to interleave constellation points inthe plurality of spatial streams of constellation points, theinterleaver to interleave a plurality of symbols in an OFDM symbol datablock for a spatial stream based at least on a count of 2.16 Gigahertz(GHz) channels in a channel bandwidth for transmission of the EDMG OFDMPPDU and a count of the plurality of spatial streams; a preamble builderto build symbols of an EDMG Short Training Field (EDMG-STF) and an EDMGChannel Estimation Field (EDMG-CEF) in a frequency domain; and a spatialmapper to map the spatial streams of constellation points and thesymbols of the EDMG-STF and EDMG-CEF fields to a plurality of transmitchains for transmission of the EDMG OFDM PPDU.

Example 89 includes the subject matter of Example 88, and optionally,wherein the OFDM symbol data block comprises a plurality of data symbolsin an OFDM symbol of the spatial stream and a plurality of padded zeros.

Example 90 includes the subject matter of Example 89, and optionally,wherein the interleaver is to generate a permuted OFDM data block bypermuting the OFDM data block according to an array of permutationindexes, the array of permutation indexes is based on a firstpermutation parameter and a second permutation parameter, the firstpermutation parameter is based at least on the count of 2.16 GHzchannels in the channel bandwidth, the second permutation parameter isbased on a count of data subcarriers per OFDM symbol, a count of theplurality of padded zeros and the first permutation parameter.

Example 91 includes the subject matter of Example 90, and optionally,wherein the interleaver is to permute an OFDM data block, denoted d_(in)^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)), corresponding to an OFDM symbol number q in ani_(SS)-th spatial stream, into a permuted OFDM symbol, denoted d_(out)^((i) ^(SS) ^(q)), as follows:d _(out) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q))=(d _(idx(0)) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) ,d _(idx(1))^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) , . . . ,d _(idx((N) _(SD) _(+N) _(p) ⁾⁻¹⁾ ^((i)^(SS) ^(,q)))wherein:d _(in) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q))=(d ₀ ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) ,d ₁ ^((i) ^(SS)^(,q)) , . . . ,d _(N) _(SD) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)),0₀,0₁, . . . ,0_(N) _(p)⁻¹)

wherein N_(SD) denotes the count of data subcarriers per OFDM symbol,N_(P) denotes the count of the plurality of padded zeros, and idx( )denotes a permutation index in the array of permutation indexes.

Example 92 includes the subject matter of Example 90 or 91, andoptionally, wherein the array of permutation indexes, denoted idx, isdefined as follows:

idx(j × N_(x) + i) = N_(y) × i + j, where  i = 0, 1, … , N_(x) − 1  and  j = 0, 1, … , N_(y) − 1$x = {\left( {\left( {N_{SD} + N_{p}} \right) \times {\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{{SS}\mspace{14mu} i_{user}}}\; N_{{BPSC}\mspace{14mu} i_{user}\mspace{14mu} i_{SS}}}} \right)\text{/}L_{{CW}\mspace{14mu} i_{user}}}$

wherein:x<2.5×N _(CB) :N _(x)=2×N _(CB)2.5×N _(CB) ≤x<3.5×N _(CB) :N _(x)=3×N _(CB)3.5×N _(CB) ≤x<5×N _(CB) :N _(x)=4×N _(CB)5×N _(CB) ≤x<7×N _(CB) :N _(x)=6×N _(CB)7×N _(CB) ≤x<10×N _(CB) :N _(x)=8×N _(CB)10×N _(CB) ≤x<14×N _(CB) :N _(x)=12×N _(CB)14×N _(CB) ≤x<20×N _(CB) :N _(x)=16×N _(CB)x≥20×N _(CB) :N _(x)=24×N _(CB)wherein:N _(y)=(N _(SD) ±N _(p))/N _(x)wherein N_(SD) denotes the count of data subcarriers per OFDM symbol,N_(CB) denotes the count of 2.16 GHz channels in the channel bandwidth,N_(P) denotes the count of the plurality of padded zeros, N_(SS i)_(user) a count of spatial streams for an i_(user)-th user, N_(BPSC i)_(user) _(i) _(SS) denotes a count of coded bits per constellation pointfor the i_(user)-th user and an i_(SS)-th spatial stream, and L_(CW i)_(user) denotes a low-density parity-check (LDPC) codeword length forthe i_(user)-th user.

Example 93 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 88-92, andoptionally, wherein the plurality of symbols in the OFDM symbol datablock comprise 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) or 64-QAMsymbols.

Example 94 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 88-93, andoptionally, wherein the transmitter comprises a scrambler to generatescrambled bits by scrambling data bits of the data field of the EDMGOFDM PPDU, and an encoder to encode the scrambled bits into encoded bitsaccording to a low-density parity-check (LDPC) code.

Example 95 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 88-94, andoptionally, wherein the transmitter comprises a Space Time Block Code(STBC) encoder to spread constellation points from the plurality ofspatial streams into a plurality of space-time streams.

Example 96 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 88-95, andoptionally, wherein the transmitter comprises a Training (TRN) builderto build one or more TRN units of the EDMG OFDM PPDU.

Example 97 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 88-96, andoptionally, wherein the PPDU comprises a Single User (SU) PPDU.

Example 98 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 88-96, andoptionally, wherein the PPDU comprises a Multi User (MU) PPDU.

Example 99 includes the subject matter of Example 98, and optionally,wherein the transmitter is configured to process a plurality of EDMGPPDU portions of the EDMG MU PPDU to be transmitted to a respectiveplurality of users, the constellation mapper to map a plurality ofscrambled and encoded spatial bit streams for a user into a respectiveplurality of spatial streams of constellation points for the user, thesymbol interleaver to interleave constellation points in the pluralityof spatial streams of constellation points for the user, the spatialmapper to map to the plurality of transmit chains a plurality of userspatial streams, the plurality of user spatial streams comprising one ormore spatial streams for each user of the plurality of users.

Example 100 includes the subject matter of Example 99, and optionally,wherein the plurality of scrambled and encoded spatial bit streams forthe user are based on bits of an EDMG Header (EDMG Header B) for theuser and a data field for the user.

Example 101 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 88-100,and optionally, wherein the transmitter is configured to transmit theEDMG OFDM PPDU via the plurality of transmit chains in the channelbandwidth over a frequency band above 45 GHz.

Example 102 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 88-101,and optionally, wherein the transmitter is configured to transmit theEDMG OFDM PPDU over a channel bandwidth of 2.16 GHz, 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz,or 8.64 GHz.

Example 103 includes a method to be performed at an Enhanced DirectionalMulti-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) transmitter, themethod comprising mapping a plurality of scrambled and encoded spatialbit streams into a respective plurality of spatial streams ofconstellation points, the plurality of scrambled and encoded spatial bitstreams based at least on a data field of the EDMG OFDM PPDU;interleaving constellation points in the plurality of spatial streams ofconstellation points by interleaving a plurality of symbols in an OFDMsymbol data block for a spatial stream based at least on a count of 2.16Gigahertz (GHz) channels in a channel bandwidth for transmission of theEDMG OFDM PPDU and a count of the plurality of spatial streams; buildingsymbols of an EDMG Short Training Field (EDMG-STF) and an EDMG ChannelEstimation Field (EDMG-CEF) in a frequency domain; and mapping thespatial streams of constellation points and the symbols of the EDMG-STFand EDMG-CEF fields to a plurality of transmit chains for transmissionof the EDMG OFDM PPDU.

Example 104 includes the subject matter of Example 103, and optionally,wherein the OFDM symbol data block comprises a plurality of data symbolsin an OFDM symbol of the spatial stream and a plurality of padded zeros.

Example 105 includes the subject matter of Example 104, and optionally,comprising generating a permuted OFDM data block by permuting the OFDMdata block according to an array of permutation indexes, the array ofpermutation indexes is based on a first permutation parameter and asecond permutation parameter, the first permutation parameter is basedat least on the count of 2.16 GHz channels in the channel bandwidth, thesecond permutation parameter is based on a count of data subcarriers perOFDM symbol, a count of the plurality of padded zeros and the firstpermutation parameter.

Example 106 includes the subject matter of Example 105, and optionally,comprising permuting an OFDM data block, denoted d_(in) ^((i) ^(SS)^(q))) corresponding to an OFDM symbol number q in an i_(ss)-th spatialstream, into a permuted OFDM symbol, denoted d_(out) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(q)),as follows:d _(out) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q))=(d _(idx(0)) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) ,d _(idx(1))^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) , . . . ,d _(idx((N) _(SD) _(+N) _(p) ⁾⁻¹⁾ ^((i)^(SS) ^(,q)))wherein:d _(in) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q))=(d ₀ ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) ,d ₁ ^((i) ^(SS)^(,q)) , . . . ,d _(N) _(SD) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)),0₀,0₁, . . . ,0_(N) _(p)⁻¹)

wherein N_(SD) denotes the count of data subcarriers per OFDM symbol,N_(P) denotes the count of the plurality of padded zeros, and idx( )denotes a permutation index in the array of permutation indexes.

Example 107 includes the subject matter of Example 105 or 106, andoptionally, wherein the array of permutation indexes, denoted idx, isdefined as follows:

idx(j × N_(x) + i) = N_(y) × i + j, where  i = 0, 1, … , N_(x) − 1  and  j = 0, 1, … , N_(y) − 1$x = {\left( {\left( {N_{SD} + N_{p}} \right) \times {\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{{SS}\mspace{14mu} i_{user}}}\; N_{{BPSC}\mspace{14mu} i_{user}\mspace{14mu} i_{SS}}}} \right)\text{/}L_{{CW}\mspace{14mu} i_{user}}}$

wherein:x<2.5×N _(CB) :N _(x)=2×N _(CB)2.5×N _(CB) ≤x<3.5×N _(CB) :N _(x)=3×N _(CB)3.5×N _(CB) ≤x<5×N _(CB) :N _(x)=4×N _(CB)5×N _(CB) ≤x<7×N _(CB) :N _(x)=6×N _(CB)7×N _(CB) ≤x<10×N _(CB) :N _(x)=8×N _(CB)10×N _(CB) ≤x<14×N _(CB) :N _(x)=12×N _(CB)14×N _(CB) ≤x<20×N _(CB) :N _(x)=16×N _(CB)x≥20×N _(CB) :N _(x)=24×N _(CB)wherein:N _(y)=(N _(SD) ±N _(p))/N _(x)wherein N_(SD) denotes the count of data subcarriers per OFDM symbol,N_(CB) denotes the count of 2.16 GHz channels in the channel bandwidth,N_(P) denotes the count of the plurality of padded zeros, N_(SS i)_(user) denotes a count of spatial streams for an i_(user)-th user,N_(BPSC i) _(user) _(i) _(SS) denotes a count of coded bits perconstellation point for the i_(user)-th user and an i_(SS)-th spatialstream, and L_(CW i) _(user) denotes a low-density parity-check (LDPC)codeword length for the i_(user)-th user.

Example 108 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 103-107,and optionally, wherein the plurality of symbols in the OFDM symbol datablock comprise 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) or 64-QAMsymbols.

Example 109 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 103-108,and optionally, comprising generating scrambled bits by scrambling databits of the data field of the EDMG OFDM PPDU, and encoding the scrambledbits into encoded bits according to a low-density parity-check (LDPC)code.

Example 110 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 103-109,and optionally, comprising spreading constellation points from theplurality of spatial streams into a plurality of space-time streamsaccording to a Space Time Block Code (STBC).

Example 111 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 103-110,and optionally, comprising building one or more Training (TRN) units ofthe EDMG OFDM PPDU.

Example 112 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 103-111,and optionally, wherein the PPDU comprises a Single User (SU) PPDU.

Example 113 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 103-111,and optionally, wherein the PPDU comprises a Multi User (MU) PPDU.

Example 114 includes the subject matter of Example 113, and optionally,comprising processing a plurality of EDMG PPDU portions of the EDMG MUPPDU to be transmitted to a respective plurality of users, mapping aplurality of scrambled and encoded spatial bit streams for a user into arespective plurality of spatial streams of constellation points for theuser, interleaving constellation points in the plurality of spatialstreams of constellation points for the user, and mapping to theplurality of transmit chains a plurality of user spatial streams, theplurality of user spatial streams comprising one or more spatial streamsfor each user of the plurality of users.

Example 115 includes the subject matter of Example 114, and optionally,wherein the plurality of scrambled and encoded spatial bit streams forthe user are based on bits of an EDMG Header (EDMG Header B) for theuser and a data field for the user.

Example 116 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 103-115,and optionally, comprising transmitting the EDMG OFDM PPDU via theplurality of transmit chains in the channel bandwidth over a frequencyband above 45 GHz.

Example 117 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 103-116,and optionally, comprising transmitting the EDMG OFDM PPDU over achannel bandwidth of 2.16 GHz, 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 118 includes a product comprising one or more tangiblecomputer-readable non-transitory storage media comprisingcomputer-executable instructions operable to, when executed by at leastone processor, enable the at least one processor to cause an EnhancedDirectional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiplexing (OFDM) Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU)transmitter to map a plurality of scrambled and encoded spatial bitstreams into a respective plurality of spatial streams of constellationpoints, the plurality of scrambled and encoded spatial bit streams basedat least on a data field of the EDMG OFDM PPDU; interleave constellationpoints in the plurality of spatial streams of constellation points byinterleaving a plurality of symbols in an OFDM symbol data block for aspatial stream based at least on a count of 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz)channels in a channel bandwidth for transmission of the EDMG OFDM PPDUand a number of the plurality of spatial streams; build symbols of anEDMG Short Training Field (EDMG-STF) and an EDMG Channel EstimationField (EDMG-CEF) in a frequency domain; and map the spatial streams ofconstellation points and the symbols of the EDMG-STF and EDMG-CEF fieldsto a plurality of transmit chains for transmission of the EDMG OFDMPPDU.

Example 119 includes the subject matter of Example 118, and optionally,wherein the OFDM symbol data block comprises a plurality of data symbolsin an OFDM symbol of the spatial stream and a plurality of padded zeros.

Example 120 includes the subject matter of Example 119, and optionally,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the transmitter togenerate a permuted OFDM data block by permuting the OFDM data blockaccording to an array of permutation indexes, the array of permutationindexes is based on a first permutation parameter and a secondpermutation parameter, the first permutation parameter is based at leaston the count of 2.16 GHz channels in the channel bandwidth, the secondpermutation parameter is based on a count of data subcarriers per OFDMsymbol, a count of the plurality of padded zeros and the firstpermutation parameter.

Example 121 includes the subject matter of Example 120, and optionally,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the transmitter topermute an OFDM data block, denoted d_(in) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)),corresponding to an OFDM symbol number q in an i_(ss)-th spatial stream,into a permuted OFDM symbol, denoted d_(out) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)), asfollows:d _(out) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q))=(d _(idx(0)) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) ,d _(idx(1))^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) , . . . ,d _(idx((N) _(SD) _(+N) _(p) ⁾⁻¹⁾ ^((i)^(SS) ^(,q)))wherein:d _(in) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q))=(d ₀ ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) ,d ₁ ^((i) ^(SS)^(,q)) , . . . ,d _(N) _(SD) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)),0₀,0₁, . . . ,0_(N) _(p)⁻¹)

wherein N_(SD) denotes the count of data subcarriers per OFDM symbol,N_(P) denotes the count of the plurality of padded zeros, and idx( )denotes a permutation index in the array of permutation indexes.

Example 122 includes the subject matter of Example 120 or 121, andoptionally, wherein the array of permutation indexes, denoted idx, isdefined as follows:

idx(j × N_(x) + i) = N_(y) × i + j, where  i = 0, 1, … , N_(x) − 1  and  j = 0, 1, … , N_(y) − 1$x = {\left( {\left( {N_{SD} + N_{p}} \right) \times {\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{{SS}\mspace{14mu} i_{user}}}\; N_{{BPSC}\mspace{14mu} i_{user}\mspace{14mu} i_{SS}}}} \right)\text{/}L_{{CW}\mspace{14mu} i_{user}}}$

wherein:x<2.5×N _(CB) :N _(x)=2×N _(CB)2.5×N _(CB) ≤x<3.5×N _(CB) :N _(x)=3×N _(CB)3.5×N _(CB) ≤x<5×N _(CB) :N _(x)=4×N _(CB)5×N _(CB) ≤x<7×N _(CB) :N _(x)=6×N _(CB)7×N _(CB) ≤x<10×N _(CB) :N _(x)=8×N _(CB)10×N _(CB) ≤x<14×N _(CB) :N _(x)=12×N _(CB)14×N _(CB) ≤x<20×N _(CB) :N _(x)=16×N _(CB)x≥20×N _(CB) :N _(x)=24×N _(CB)wherein:N _(y)=(N _(SD) ±N _(p))/N _(x)

-   -   wherein N_(SD) denotes the count of data subcarriers per OFDM        symbol, N_(CB) denotes the count of 2.16 GHz channels in the        channel bandwidth, N_(P) denotes the count of the plurality of        padded zeros, N_(SS i) _(user) a count of spatial streams for an        i_(user)-th user, N_(BPSC i) _(user) _(i) _(SS) denotes a count        of coded bits per constellation point for the i_(user)-th user        and an i_(SS)-th spatial stream, and L_(CW i) _(user) denotes a        low-density parity-check (LDPC) codeword length for the        i_(user)-th user.

Example 123 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 118-122,and optionally, wherein the plurality of symbols in the OFDM symbol datablock comprise 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) or 64-QAMsymbols.

Example 124 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 118-123,and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause thetransmitter to generate scrambled bits by scrambling data bits of thedata field of the EDMG OFDM PPDU, and encode the scrambled bits intoencoded bits according to a low-density parity-check (LDPC) code.

Example 125 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 118-124,and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause thetransmitter to spread constellation points from the plurality of spatialstreams into a plurality of space-time streams according to a Space TimeBlock Code (STBC).

Example 126 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 118-125,and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause thetransmitter to build one or more Training (TRN) units of the EDMG OFDMPPDU.

Example 127 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 118-126,and optionally, wherein the PPDU comprises a Single User (SU) PPDU.

Example 128 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 118-126,and optionally, wherein the PPDU comprises a Multi User (MU) PPDU.

Example 129 includes the subject matter of Example 128, and optionally,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the transmitter toprocess a plurality of EDMG PPDU portions of the EDMG MU PPDU to betransmitted to a respective plurality of users, map a plurality ofscrambled and encoded spatial bit streams for a user into a respectiveplurality of spatial streams of constellation points for the user,interleave constellation points in the plurality of spatial streams ofconstellation points for the user, and map to the plurality of transmitchains a plurality of user spatial streams, the plurality of userspatial streams comprising one or more spatial streams for each user ofthe plurality of users.

Example 130 includes the subject matter of Example 129, and optionally,wherein the plurality of scrambled and encoded spatial bit streams forthe user are based on bits of an EDMG Header (EDMG Header B) for theuser and a data field for the user.

Example 131 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 118-130,and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause thetransmitter to transmit the EDMG OFDM PPDU via the plurality of transmitchains in the channel bandwidth over a frequency band above 45 GHz.

Example 132 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 118-131,and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause thetransmitter to transmit the EDMG OFDM PPDU over a channel bandwidth of2.16 GHz, 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 133 includes an apparatus of wireless communication by anEnhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) Orthogonal FrequencyDivision Multiplexing (OFDM) Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit(PPDU) transmitter, the apparatus comprising means for mapping aplurality of scrambled and encoded spatial bit streams into a respectiveplurality of spatial streams of constellation points, the plurality ofscrambled and encoded spatial bit streams based at least on a data fieldof the EDMG OFDM PPDU; means for interleaving constellation points inthe plurality of spatial streams of constellation points by interleavinga plurality of symbols in an OFDM symbol data block for a spatial streambased at least on a count of 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz) channels in a channelbandwidth for transmission of the EDMG OFDM PPDU and a number of theplurality of spatial streams; means for building symbols of an EDMGShort Training Field (EDMG-STF) and an EDMG Channel Estimation Field(EDMG-CEF) in a frequency domain; and means for mapping the spatialstreams of constellation points and the symbols of the EDMG-STF andEDMG-CEF fields to a plurality of transmit chains for transmission ofthe EDMG OFDM PPDU.

Example 134 includes the subject matter of Example 133, and optionally,wherein the OFDM symbol data block comprises a plurality of data symbolsin an OFDM symbol of the spatial stream and a plurality of padded zeros.

Example 135 includes the subject matter of Example 134, and optionally,comprising means for generating a permuted OFDM data block by permutingthe OFDM data block according to an array of permutation indexes, thearray of permutation indexes is based on a first permutation parameterand a second permutation parameter, the first permutation parameter isbased at least on the count of 2.16 GHz channels in the channelbandwidth, the second permutation parameter is based on a count of datasubcarriers per OFDM symbol, a count of the plurality of padded zerosand the first permutation parameter.

Example 136 includes the subject matter of Example 135, and optionally,comprising means for permuting an OFDM data block, denoted d_(in) ^((i)^(SS) ^(,q)), corresponding to an OFDM symbol number q in an i_(SS)-thspatial stream, into a permuted OFDM symbol, denoted d_(out) ^((i) ^(SS)^(,q)), as follows:d _(out) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q))=(d _(idx(0)) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) ,d _(idx(1))^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) , . . . ,d _(idx((N) _(SD) _(+N) _(p) ⁾⁻¹⁾ ^((i)^(SS) ^(,q)))wherein:d _(in) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q))=(d ₀ ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) ,d ₁ ^((i) ^(SS)^(,q)) , . . . ,d _(N) _(SD) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)),0₀,0₁, . . . ,0_(N) _(p)⁻¹)

wherein N_(SD) denotes the count of data subcarriers per OFDM symbol,N_(P) denotes the count of the plurality of padded zeros, and idx( )denotes a permutation index in the array of permutation indexes.

Example 137 includes the subject matter of Example 135 or 136, andoptionally, wherein the array of permutation indexes, denoted idx, isdefined as follows:

idx(j × N_(x) + i) = N_(y) × i + j, where  i = 0, 1, … , N_(x) − 1  and  j = 0, 1, … , N_(y) − 1$x = {\left( {\left( {N_{SD} + N_{p}} \right) \times {\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{{SS}\mspace{14mu} i_{user}}}\; N_{{BPSC}\mspace{14mu} i_{user}\mspace{14mu} i_{SS}}}} \right)\text{/}L_{{CW}\mspace{14mu} i_{user}}}$

wherein:x<2.5×N _(CB) :N _(x)=2×N _(CB)2.5×N _(CB) ≤x<3.5×N _(CB) :N _(x)=3×N _(CB)3.5×N _(CB) ≤x<5×N _(CB) :N _(x)=4×N _(CB)5×N _(CB) ≤x<7×N _(CB) :N _(x)=6×N _(CB)7×N _(CB) ≤x<10×N _(CB) :N _(x)=8×N _(CB)10×N _(CB) ≤x<14×N _(CB) :N _(x)=12×N _(CB)14×N _(CB) ≤x<20×N _(CB) :N _(x)=16×N _(CB)x≥20×N _(CB) :N _(x)=24×N _(CB)wherein:N _(y)=(N _(SD) ±N _(p))/N _(x)

-   -   wherein N_(SD) denotes the count of data subcarriers per OFDM        symbol, N_(CB) denotes the count of 2.16 GHz channels in the        channel bandwidth, N_(P) denotes the count of the plurality of        padded zeros, N_(SS i) _(user) a count of spatial streams for an        i_(user)-th user, N_(BPSC i) _(user) _(i) _(SS) denotes a count        of coded bits per constellation point for the i_(user)-th user        and an i_(SS)-th spatial stream, and L_(CW i) _(user) denotes a        low-density parity-check (LDPC) codeword length for the        i_(user)-th user.

Example 138 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 133-137,and optionally, wherein the plurality of symbols in the OFDM symbol datablock comprise 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) or 64-QAMsymbols.

Example 139 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 133-138,and optionally, comprising means for generating scrambled bits byscrambling data bits of the data field of the EDMG OFDM PPDU, andencoding the scrambled bits into encoded bits according to a low-densityparity-check (LDPC) code.

Example 140 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 133-139,and optionally, comprising means for spreading constellation points fromthe plurality of spatial streams into a plurality of space-time streamsaccording to a Space Time Block Code (STBC).

Example 141 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 133-140,and optionally, comprising means for building one or more Training (TRN)units of the EDMG OFDM PPDU.

Example 142 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 133-141,and optionally, wherein the PPDU comprises a Single User (SU) PPDU.

Example 143 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 133-141,and optionally, wherein the PPDU comprises a Multi User (MU) PPDU.

Example 144 includes the subject matter of Example 143, and optionally,comprising means for processing a plurality of EDMG PPDU portions of theEDMG MU PPDU to be transmitted to a respective plurality of users,mapping a plurality of scrambled and encoded spatial bit streams for auser into a respective plurality of spatial streams of constellationpoints for the user, interleaving constellation points in the pluralityof spatial streams of constellation points for the user, and mapping tothe plurality of transmit chains a plurality of user spatial streams,the plurality of user spatial streams comprising one or more spatialstreams for each user of the plurality of users.

Example 145 includes the subject matter of Example 144, and optionally,wherein the plurality of scrambled and encoded spatial bit streams forthe user are based on bits of an EDMG Header (EDMG Header B) for theuser and a data field for the user.

Example 146 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 133-145,and optionally, comprising means for transmitting the EDMG OFDM PPDU viathe plurality of transmit chains in the channel bandwidth over afrequency band above 45 GHz.

Example 147 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 133-146,and optionally, comprising means for transmitting the EDMG OFDM PPDUover a channel bandwidth of 2.16 GHz, 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Functions, operations, components and/or features described herein withreference to one or more embodiments, may be combined with, or may beutilized in combination with, one or more other functions, operations,components and/or features described herein with reference to one ormore other embodiments, or vice versa.

While certain features have been illustrated and described herein, manymodifications, substitutions, changes, and equivalents may occur tothose skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that theappended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changesas fall within the true spirit of the disclosure.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: a transmitter comprisinglogic and circuitry configured to generate a transmission of an EnhancedDirectional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiplexing (OFDM) Multi User (MU) Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol DataUnit (PPDU) for a plurality of users, the transmitter configured togenerate a plurality of space-time stream flows corresponding to theplurality of users, respectively, a space-time stream flow correspondingto a user comprising one or more space-time streams corresponding to theuser, wherein the transmitter is configured to encode the EDMG OFDM MUPPDU with an independent flow per user, and to maintain a commonspace-time stream numeration over all users of the plurality of users,the transmitter comprising: a preamble builder to build symbols of anEDMG Short Training Field (EDMG-STF) and an EDMG Channel EstimationField (EDMG-CEF) of the space-time stream flow corresponding to theuser; a scrambler to generate scrambled bits of the space-time streamflow corresponding to the user by scrambling bits of a data field forthe user; a Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) encoder to encode thescrambled bits of the space-time stream flow corresponding to the userinto encoded bits of the space-time stream flow corresponding to theuser according to an LDPC code; a constellation mapper to map theencoded bits of the space-time stream flow corresponding to the userinto constellation points over one or more spatial streams of thespace-time stream flow corresponding to the user; and a spatial mapperto map the plurality of space-time stream flows corresponding to theplurality of users to a plurality of transmit chains, wherein the one ormore space-time streams corresponding to the user are based on thesymbols of the EDMG-STF and EDMG-CEF of the space-time stream flowcorresponding to the user, and on the constellation points over the oneor more spatial streams of the space-time stream flow corresponding tothe user.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the transmitter isconfigured to generate the encoded bits of the space-time stream flowcorresponding to the user based on a seed value for the user.
 3. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the transmitter is configured to generatethe encoded bits of the space-time stream flow corresponding to the userbased on a seed value in an EDMG Header B of the EDMG OFDM MU PPDU. 4.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the space-time stream flowcorresponding to the user comprises no more than two space-time streamscorresponding to the user.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the oneor more spatial streams of the space-time stream flow corresponding tothe user comprises no more than two spatial streams.
 6. The apparatus ofclaim 1 comprising a stream parser to divide an output of the LDPCencoder to the one or more spatial streams of the space-time stream flowcorresponding to the user.
 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein thestream parser is configured to provide the encoded bits of thespace-time stream flow corresponding to the user to the constellationmapper over the one or more spatial streams of the space-time streamflow corresponding to the user.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1 comprising aSpace Time Block Code (STBC) encoder to spread the constellation pointsfrom the one or more spatial streams of the space-time stream flowcorresponding to the user into a plurality of space-time streams of thespace-time stream flow corresponding to the user.
 9. The apparatus ofclaim 8, wherein a count of the plurality of space-time streams of thespace-time stream flow corresponding to the user is double a count ofthe one or more spatial streams of the space-time stream flowcorresponding to the user.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1 comprising aninterleaver to interleave symbols in an OFDM symbol of the one or morespatial streams of the space-time stream flow corresponding to the user.11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spatial mapper is to mapspace-time streams of the plurality of space-time stream flows to theplurality of transmit chains according to a direct mapping scheme bymapping constellation points from each space-time stream directly to thetransmit chains.
 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spatialmapper is to map space-time streams of the plurality of space-timestream flows to the plurality of transmit chains according to anindirect mapping scheme by mapping constellation points from eachspace-time stream to each transmit chain.
 13. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the spatial mapper is to map space-time streams of the pluralityof space-time stream flows to the plurality of transmit chains accordingto a digital beamforming scheme by multiplying each vector ofconstellation points from all of the space-time streams by a matrix ofsteering vectors.
 14. The apparatus of claim 1 comprising a combiner toprovide a space-time stream of the one or more space-time streamscorresponding to the user by combining the symbols of the EDMG-STF andEDMG-CEF of the space-time stream flow corresponding to the user, withconstellation points for the space-time stream.
 15. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the preamble builder is configured to build the symbolsof the EDMG-STF and EDMG-CEF of the space-time stream flow correspondingto the user in a frequency domain.
 16. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe transmitter is configured to transmit the EDMG OFDM MU PPDU via theplurality of transmit chains in a channel bandwidth of at least 2.16Gigahertz (GHz) over a frequency band above 45 GHz.
 17. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the transmitter is configured to transmit the EDMG OFDMMU PPDU over a channel bandwidth of 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz), 4.32 GHz, 6.48GHz, or 8.64 GHz.
 18. The apparatus of claim 1 comprising the pluralityof transmit chains to transmit the EDMG OFDM MU PPDU.
 19. The apparatusof claim 18 comprising a plurality of antennas connected to theplurality of transmit chains, a memory, and a processor to executeinstructions of an Operating System (OS).
 20. A product comprising oneor more tangible computer-readable non-transitory storage mediacomprising computer-executable instructions operable to, when executedby at least one processor, enable the at least one processor to cause anEnhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) wireless communicationstation (STA) to generate a transmission of an EDMG Orthogonal FrequencyDivision Multiplexing (OFDM) Multi User (MU) Physical Layer (PHY)Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) for a plurality of users, wherein theinstructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STA to: generate a pluralityof space-time stream flows corresponding to the plurality of users,respectively, a space-time stream flow corresponding to a usercomprising one or more space-time streams corresponding to the user,wherein generating the plurality of space-time stream flowscorresponding to the plurality of users comprises encoding the EDMG OFDMMU PPDU with an independent flow per user, and maintaining a commonspace-time stream numeration over all users of the plurality of users,wherein generating the plurality of space-time stream flowscorresponding to the plurality of users comprises: building symbols ofan EDMG Short Training Field (EDMG-STF) and an EDMG Channel EstimationField (EDMG-CEF) of the space-time stream flow corresponding to theuser; generating scrambled bits of the space-time stream flowcorresponding to the user by scrambling bits of a data field for theuser; encoding the scrambled bits of the space-time stream flowcorresponding to the user into encoded bits of the space-time streamflow corresponding to the user according to a Low-Density Parity-Check(LDPC) code; and mapping the encoded bits of the space-time stream flowcorresponding to the user into constellation points over one or morespatial streams of the space-time stream flow corresponding to the user;and map the plurality of space-time stream flows corresponding to theplurality of users to a plurality of transmit chains, wherein the one ormore space-time streams corresponding to the user are based on thesymbols of the EDMG-STF and EDMG-CEF of the space-time stream flowcorresponding to the user, and on the constellation points over the oneor more spatial streams of the space-time stream flow corresponding tothe user.
 21. The product of claim 20, wherein the instructions, whenexecuted, cause the EDMG STA to generate the encoded bits of thespace-time stream flow corresponding to the user based on a seed valuefor the user.
 22. The product of claim 20, wherein the instructions,when executed, cause the EDMG STA to generate the encoded bits of thespace-time stream flow corresponding to the user based on a seed valuein an EDMG Header B of the EDMG OFDM MU PPDU.
 23. An apparatus forgenerating at an Enhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG)wireless communication station (STA) a transmission of an EDMGOrthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Multi User (MU)Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) for a plurality of users,the apparatus comprising: means for generating a plurality of space-timestream flows corresponding to the plurality of users, respectively, aspace-time stream flow corresponding to a user comprising one or morespace-time streams corresponding to the user, wherein generating theplurality of space-time stream flows corresponding to the plurality ofusers comprises encoding the EDMG OFDM MU PPDU with an independent flowper user, and maintaining a common space-time stream numeration over allusers of the plurality of users, wherein generating the plurality ofspace-time stream flows corresponding to the plurality of userscomprises: building symbols of an EDMG Short Training Field (EDMG-STF)and an EDMG Channel Estimation Field (EDMG-CEF) of the space-time streamflow corresponding to the user; generating scrambled bits of thespace-time stream flow corresponding to the user by scrambling bits of adata field for the user; encoding the scrambled bits of the space-timestream flow corresponding to the user into encoded bits of thespace-time stream flow corresponding to the user according to aLow-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) code; and mapping the encoded bits ofthe space-time stream flow corresponding to the user into constellationpoints over one or more spatial streams of the space-time stream flowcorresponding to the user; and means for mapping the plurality ofspace-time stream flows corresponding to the plurality of users to aplurality of transmit chains, wherein the one or more space-time streamscorresponding to the user are based on the symbols of the EDMG-STF andEDMG-CEF of the space-time stream flow corresponding to the user, and onthe constellation points over the one or more spatial streams of thespace-time stream flow corresponding to the user.
 24. The apparatus ofclaim 23, wherein the means for generating the plurality of space-timestream flows corresponding to the plurality of users comprises means forproviding a space-time stream of the one or more space-time streamscorresponding to the user by combining the symbols of the EDMG-STF andEDMG-CEF of the space-time stream flow corresponding to the user withconstellation points for the space-time stream.